van der Waals' Forces & Dipoles Covalent bonds are strong?intramolecular forces Molecules also contain weaker?intermolecular forces?which are forces?between?molecules These intermolecular force...
Polarity & Dipole Moments Electronegativity?is the ability of an atom to draw a pair of electrons towards itself in a covalent bond Electronegativity?increases?across a Period and?decreases?goi...
Hydrogen Bonding Hydrogen bonding Hydrogen bonding?is the?strongest?form of?intermolecular bonding Intermolecular bonds are bonds?between?molecules Hydrogen bonding is a type of?permanent dipole – ...
Covalent Bonding: Bond Energy & Length Bond energy The?bond energy?is the energy required to?break?one mole of a particular covalent bond in the gaseous states Bond energy has units of kJ mol-1...
Covalent Bonding: Orbitals & Hybridisation Bond overlap in covalent bonds A single?covalent?bond?is formed when two nonmetals combine Each atom that combines has an?atomic?orbital?containing a ...
Dative Bonding: Definition & Examples In?simple?covalent?bonds?the two atoms involved shares electrons Some molecules have a?lone?pair of electrons that can be donated to form a bond with an?el...
Covalent Bonding: Definition & Examples Covalent?bonding occurs between two?nonmetals A covalent bond involves the?electrostatic?attraction?between nuclei of two atoms and the bonding electrons...
Metallic Bonding: Definition Metal?atoms are tightly packed together in?lattice?structures When the metal atoms are in lattice structures, the electrons in their outer shells are free to move throu...
Ionic Bonding: Examples Sodium chloride Sodium is a Group 1?metal It?loses?its outer electron to form a sodium ion with a +1 charge (Na+) Chlorine is a Group 7?non-metal It?gains?1 electron to form...
Ionic Bonding: Definition As a general rule,?metals?are on the?left?of the Periodic Table and?nonmetals?are on the?right-hand?side Ionic?bonding?involves the?transfer?of electrons from a?metallic?e...
Electronegativity: Predicting Bond Formation The differences in Pauling electronegativity values can be used to predict whether a bond is?covalent?or?ionic?in character Electronegativity & cova...
Electronegativity: Trends Electronegativity?varies across?Periods?and down the Groups of the Periodic Table Down a group There is a?decrease?in?electronegativity?going down the Group The?nuclear ch...
