Introducing Entropy You may have wondered why it is that?endothermic?reactions occur at all, after all, what can be the driving force behind endothermic reactions if the products end up in a...
Solution & Hydration Definitions Enthalpy of solution The?standard enthalpy change of solution (ΔHsol?)?is the enthalpy change when?1 mole?of an ionic substance?dissolves?in sufficient w...
Polarisation of Ions Theoretical lattice energies assume a perfect ionic model where the ions are 100% spherical and the attractions are purely electrostatic So overall, there has a been a c...
Born-Haber Cycles A?Born-Haber cycle?is a specific application of Hess’ Law for ionic compounds and enable us to calculate lattice enthalpy which cannot be found by experiment The basic prin...
Lattice Energy Lattice energy As with bond enthalpy,?lattice energy?(ΔHlatt?) can be expressed as a formation or dissociation process As a formation process, it is the enthalpy change when?1...
Weak Acid - Strong Base Titration In this example, strong sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq), is being added to weak ethanoic acid, CH3COOH (aq) NaOH (aq) + CH3COOH (aq) →?CH3COONa (aq) + H2O (l) T...
Action of a Buffer Solution A?buffer solution?is a solution which resists changes in pH when small amounts of acids or alkalis are added A buffer solution is used to keep the pH almost const...
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