Testing Period 3 Oxides Forming Period 3 Oxides Period 3 elements from sodium to sulfur react with oxygen, forming an oxide with the period 3 element in its highest possible oxidation state ...
Making Buffers Buffers can be made by a?direct?or?indirect?method The?direct?method involves measuring out the exact quantities needed of a solution of a weak acid and its salt The?indirect?...
Titration Curves Titration or pH curves are obtained by reacting known concentrations of acid with alkalis and measuring the pH during the neutralisation A suitable selection to use would be...
Finding Ka The?Ka?of a weak acid may be determined by finding the pH at the half equivalence point At the half equivalence point?Ka?= [H+] Key steps in the procedure A pH probe or meter is c...
Making Simple Cells Simple cells can be used to investigate the effect of different electrode combinations on the EMF produced by an electrochemical cell Key steps in the procedure The metal...
Determination of Kc The determination of an equilibrium constant can be carried out in a school laboratory using an esterification reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid in the presence ...
Iodine Clock Reaction Clock reactions are so called because they show a sharp dramatic colour change after a period of time has elapsed They make ideal reactions for studying kinetics Iodine...
Entropy of Vaporisation The entropy change when water boils can be measured using a kettle and a top pan balance At the boiling point, liquid water and water vapour exist in equilibrium so t...
Required Practical 9 Required Practical 9: Investigating pH changes The experimental set up for measuring pH changes in titrations Steps in the procedure Measure out 50 cm3?of 1.0 mol...
Required Practical 8 Required Practical 8: Measuring the EMF of a cell To measure a cell EMF you will need Two small beakers, around 75 cm3?capacity Strips of suitable metals such as copper,...
Interpreting Chromatograms The less polar components travel further up the TLC plate Their?Rf?values are higher?than those closer to the baseline They are?more soluble?in the mobile phase an...
Gas Chromatography Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC) is used for analysing: Gases Volatile liquids Solids in their vapour form The stationary phase: This method uses a long coiled colum...
