• The entropy change when water boils can be measured using a kettle and a top pan balance
• At the boiling point, liquid water and water vapour exist in equilibrium so the free energy change is 0
• Rearranging the Gibbs equation allows us to find the entropy change using the enthalpy change:

ΔG??= ΔH??– TΔS??= 0

ΔH??= TΔS?

ΔS??=?ΔH??/?T

• The sequence is:

Determining?the entropy of vaporisation by measuring the enthalpy change of boiling water

Steps in the procedure

• A fixed volume of water is measured and added to an electric kettle - a suitable amount to use is 1 dm3
• The power rating of the kettle must be known - it will usually be marked somewhere on the kettle
• The water is boiled and then the kettle is switched off and weighed
• The water is re-boiled by keeping the automatic cut-off switch depressed for 100 s
• The kettle and contents are then re-weighed to find out how much water has been lost by evaporation

Practical tips

• Make sure you have a balance that can read up to at least 2.5 kg
  • If you don't, you can weigh the water before and after the experiment in a lightweight container such as a plastic box or reduce the volume of water

   

• The actual amount of water you use does not really matter as long as you can measure it and it covers the heating element in the kettle

Specimen Results

• Here is a set of typical results for this experiment

Specimen Results Table

Analysis

• Household kettles have a typical power rating of 2 - 3 kW
• Suppose you use a 3 kW kettle for this experiment; this means the kettle supplies 3 kJ of energy per second
• If you boil the kettle for 100 s, then the kettle has supplied 300 kJ of energy to the water
• Using the specimen results we can see that 130 g of water have boiled away, so the number of moles of water that evaporated are:

moles of water evaporated = 130 / 18 = 7.22 mol

• The enthalpy change in kJ per mole of water is therefore:

enthalpy of vaporisation of water = 300 / 7.22 = 41.55 kJ mol-1

• Changing this to J per mole gives:

enthalpy of vaporisation of water = 41.55 x 1000 = 41 550 J mol-1

• The temperature in Kelvin at which water boils is:

temperature in Kelvin =? 100 + 273 =? 373 K

• Substituting into the equation gives a value for the entropy of vaporisation of water

ΔS?=?ΔH??/?T

ΔS?= 41 550?/ 373 = 111.4 J mol-1