Addition Polymerisation: Polythene & PVC Addition polymerisation Addition polymerisation?is one of the most important addition reactions of alkenes which form the basis of the plastic industry ...
Production of Nitriles Nitriles?are compounds with a -CN functional group They can be prepared from the?nucleophilic substitution?of halogenoalkanes Propanenitrile, an example of a nitrile Reaction...
Production of Amines Amines?are compounds with the amine (-NH2) functional group They can be produced as a result of?nucleophilic substitution?reactions of halogenoalkanes when they are heated unde...
Production of Esters Esters?are compounds with an -COOR functional group and are characterised by their?sweet?and?fruity?smells They are prepared from the?condensation?reaction between a?carboxylic...
Production of Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids?are compounds with a -COOH functional group They can be prepared by a series of different reactions Oxidation of primary alcohols & aldehydes Car...
Iodoform Reaction Tri-iodomethane?(also called?iodoform) forms a?yellow precipitate?with?methyl ketones Methyl ketones are compounds that have a CH3CO-group Ethanal?also contains a CH3CO- group and...
Testing for Carbonyls: 2,4-DNPH 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (also known as?2,4-DNPH) is a reagent which detects the presence of?carbonyl compounds?(compounds with -C=O group) The carbonyl group of?a...
Reaction of Hydrogen Cyanide with Aldehydes & Ketones The carbonyl group -C=O, in aldehydes and ketones is?polarised The oxygen atom is more?electronegative?than carbon drawing electron density...
Reactions of Aldehydes & Ketones Reduction of aldehyde & ketones Aldehydes?and?ketones?can be reduced by reducing agents such as NaBH4?or LiAlH4 Aldehydes are reduced to?primary alcohols Ke...
