• A?gene mutation?is a change in the sequence of base pairs in a DNA molecule that may result in an altered polypeptide
• Mutations occur?continuously
• As the DNA base sequence determines the sequence of amino acids that make up a protein,?mutations in a gene can sometimes lead to a change in the polypeptide that the gene codes for
• Most mutations do not alter the polypeptide?or only alter it slightly so that its structure or function is not changed (as the genetic code is degenerate)
• There are different ways that a mutation in the DNA base sequence can occur:

Insertion of nucleotides

• A mutation that occurs when?a nucleotide (with a new base) is randomly inserted?into the DNA sequence is known as an insertion mutation
• An insertion mutation?changes the amino acid that would have been coded for by the original base triplet, as it creates a?new, different?triplet of bases
  • Remember – every group of three bases in a DNA sequence codes for an amino acid
• An insertion mutation also has a?knock-on effect?by?changing the triplets?(groups of three bases)?further on in the DNA sequence
• This is sometimes known as a frameshift mutation
• This?may dramatically change the amino acid sequence produced?from this gene and therefore the?ability of the polypeptide to function

An example of an insertion mutation

Deletion of nucleotides

• A mutation that occurs when?a nucleotide (and therefore its base) is randomly deleted?from the DNA sequence
• Like an insertion mutation, a deletion mutation?changes the amino acid that would have been coded for
• Like an insertion mutation, a deletion mutation also has a?knock-on effect?by?changing the groups of three bases further on in the DNA sequence
• This is sometimes known as a frameshift mutation
• This?may dramatically change the amino acid sequence produced?from this gene and therefore the?ability of the polypeptide to function

Substitution of nucleotides

• A mutation that occurs when?a base in the DNA sequence is randomly swapped for a different base
• Unlike?an insertion or deletion mutation, a substitution mutation will?only change the amino acid for the triplet?(a group of three bases)?in which the mutation occurs; it will?not have a knock-on effect
• Substitution mutations can take three forms:
  • Silent mutations?– the?mutation does not alter the amino acid sequence?of the polypeptide (this is because certain codons may code for the same amino acid as the genetic code is degenerate)
  • Missense mutations?– the?mutation alters a single amino acid?in the polypeptide chain (sickle cell anaemia is an example of a disease caused by a single substitution mutation changing a single amino acid in the sequence)
  • Nonsense mutations?– the?mutation creates a premature stop codon?(signal for the cell to stop translation of the mRNA molecule into an amino acid sequence), causing the polypeptide chain produced to be incomplete and therefore affecting the final protein structure and function (cystic fibrosis is an example of a disease caused by a nonsense mutation, although this is not always the only cause)

An example of a substitution mutation

?The effect of gene mutations on polypeptides

• Most mutations do not alter the polypeptide?or only alter it slightly so that its appearance or function is not changed
• However, a?small number of mutations?code for a?significantly altered polypeptide with a different shape
• This?may affect the ability of the protein to perform its function. For example:
  • If the shape of the active site on an enzyme changes, the substrate may no longer be able to bind to the active site
  • A structural protein (like collagen) may lose its strength if its shape changes