Nucleon & Proton Number The atomic symbol of an element is used to describe the constituents of the nuclei An example of this notation for Lithium is: Atomic symbol for Lithium When given an at...
Rutherford Scattering Evidence for the structure of the atom was discovered by Ernest Rutherford in the beginning of the 20th century from the study of?α-particle scattering The experimental setup ...
The Potentiometer A potentiometer is similar to a variable resistor connected as a potential divider to give a continuously variable output voltage It can be used as a means of comparing potential ...
Potential Divider Circuit When two resistors are connected in series, through Kirchhoff’s Second Law, the potential difference across the power source is divided between them Potential dividers are...
Deriving the Equation for Resistors in Parallel In a parallel circuit, the reciprocal of the combined resistance of two or more resistors is the sum of the reciprocal of the individual resistances ...
Deriving the Equation for Resistors in Series In a series circuit, the combined resistance of two or more resistors is the sum of the individual resistances In a series circuit: The current is the ...
Solving Problems with Kirchhoff's Laws Kirchhoff’s laws can be used to solve simple circuit problems Worked Example For the circuit below, state the readings of ammeters A1, A2? and A3. Worked Exam...
Kirchhoff's Second Law Kirchhoff’s second law states that: The sum of the e.m.f’s in a closed circuit equals the sum of the potential differences This is a consequence of conservation of?energy Bel...
Kirchhoff's First Law Kirchhoff’s first law states that: The sum of the currents entering a junction always equal the sum of the currents out of the junction This is a consequence of conservation o...
Internal Resistance All power supplies have some resistance between their terminals This is called?internal resistance?(r) This internal resistance causes the charge circulating to dissipate some e...
Electromotive Force When charge passes through a power supply such as a battery, it?gains?electrical energy The?electromotive force (e.m.f)?is the amount of?chemical?energy converted to?electrical?...
Edexcel IGCSE Biology: Double Science 復習筆記 1.1.6 Living Organisms: Reproduction & Growth Reproduction Reproduction?is the process that leads to the?production of more of the s...
