Electric Potential Energy of Two Point Charges

• The electric potential energy Ep?at point in an electric field is defined as:

The work done in bringing a charge from infinity to that point

• The electric potential energy of a pair of point charges Q1and Q2?is defined by:Where:
  • Ep?= electric potential energy (J)
  • r?= separation of the charges?Q1?and?Q2?(m)
  • ε0?=?permittivity of free space?(F m-1)

• The potential energy equation is defined by the work done in moving point charge?Q2?from infinity towards a point charge?Q1.

• The work done is equal to:?Where:
  • W?= work done (J)
  • V?=?electric potential?due to a point charge (V)
  • Q?= Charge producing the potential (C)

• This equation is relevant to calculate the work done due on a charge in a uniform field
  • Unlike the electric potential, the potential energy will always be positive
  • Recall that at infinity,?V?= 0 therefore?Ep?= 0
• It is more useful to find the?change?in potential energy, for example, as one charge moves away from another
  • The change in potential energy from a charge?Q1?at a distance?r1?from the centre of charge?Q2?to a distance?r2 is equal to:There is another similarity with gravitational potential, as both equations are very similar to the change in gravitational potential between two points near a point mass

Step 1: Write down the known quantities

• • Distance,?r?= 4.7 × 10-15?m
  • The charge of one proton,?q?= +1.60 × 10-19?C

An alpha particle (Helium nucleus) has 2 protons

• • Charge of alpha particle, Q1?= 2 × 1.60 × 10-19?= +3.2 × 10-19?C

The gold nucleus has 79 protons

• • Charge of gold nucleus, Q2?= 79 × 1.60 × 10-19?= +1.264 × 10-17?C

Step 2: Write down the equation for electric potential energy

Gravitational Potential Energy Between Two Point Masses

• The gravitational potential energy (G.P.E) at point in a gravitational field is defined as:

The work done in bringing a mass from infinity to that point

• The equation for G.P.E of two point masses?m?and M at a distance?r?is:

• G.P.E is calculated using?mgh, but recall that at infinity,?g?= 0 and therefore?G.P.E?= 0

• It is more useful to find the?change?in?G.P.E?for example for a satellite which is lifted into space from the Earth’s surface

• • The change in G.P.E from for an object of mass m at a distance r1 from the centre of mass M, to a distance of r2 further away is:Change in gravitational potential between two points

Gravitational potential energy increases as a satellite leaves the surface of the Moon