IGCSE經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)干貨

2018年5月全球大考在即

這個(gè)考試的結(jié)果將拉開你未來(lái)大學(xué)申請(qǐng)的第一場(chǎng)序幕

想要贏得英美名校的offer

學(xué)習(xí)體系下的你

要深知

就在此刻

我們特別為你推出了圓桌課堂備考課程

圓桌課堂教學(xué)法的重點(diǎn)在于：

不使用任何教科書，所有的課程內(nèi)容與問(wèn)題、課后作業(yè)，全是由授課老師親自編寫。同時(shí)，不使用演講式的授課方式，12 名學(xué)生和1名老師圍著哈克尼斯圓桌（Harkness Table），以提問(wèn)、討論、辯論的方式教學(xué)。

我們特別制作了在線版的圓桌課堂，

僅有6名學(xué)生和1名老師圍著專用在線教室，

以互相激發(fā)和逐個(gè)擊破考綱要點(diǎn)的模式，

讓你通過(guò)提問(wèn)，辯論，討論加深理解和記憶

更少的學(xué)生=更精準(zhǔn)的教師指導(dǎo)

更多的討論=更有效的學(xué)習(xí)效率

更牛的老師=更清晰的備考策略

以下是牛津名師為大家準(zhǔn)備的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的重要知識(shí)點(diǎn)，記得收藏后，每天拿出來(lái)熟悉熟悉哦！

Market Economy

▼Definition：This economic system relies on the market forces of demand and supply to allocate resources. Decisions on how resources are to be allocated are usually taken by millions of households and thousands of firms.

市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)就像Adam Smith所說(shuō)過(guò)的“無(wú)形的手”，這無(wú)形的手就是市場(chǎng)上的需求與供應(yīng)操縱著價(jià)格的上升與下降，例如說(shuō)，有高需求的商品，多人競(jìng)爭(zhēng)一個(gè)商品，那么就會(huì)自然而然推動(dòng)價(jià)格的增長(zhǎng)，反之亦然。The private sector decides on the fundamental questions of the 3 basic economic problems.

▼Advantages of the market system:

·Efficiency：Competition helps to ensure that private individuals and firms pay attention to what consumers want. This helps to stimulate innovation, there by making market economies more responsive and dynamic.

在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的形式下生產(chǎn)者因?yàn)閷Ｗ⒂谙M(fèi)者的喜好而生產(chǎn)消費(fèi)者喜歡的商品，所以說(shuō)不同于計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)中央政府不論顧客喜好商品千篇一律，市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中的核心是消費(fèi)者。所以生產(chǎn)者生產(chǎn)的商品都是與消費(fèi)者的需求相吻合，所以說(shuō)這樣的生產(chǎn)相對(duì)計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)來(lái)說(shuō)就更高效。

·Freedom of choice: Individuals can choose which goods and services to purchase and which career to pursue, without being restricted by government regulations.

繼上一條之后，沒(méi)有政府干預(yù)，不同消費(fèi)者有不同喜好，所以市場(chǎng)內(nèi)就會(huì)生產(chǎn)給類不同的商品供顧客選擇，消費(fèi)者可以自由選擇他們所需要的和喜歡的商品和服務(wù)。

·Competition creates innovation and creativity: If they wanted to survive in the market, firms have to be innovative to create better qualified goods and services to attract the consumers in order to persuade them to buy your goods or else they would lose their profit and could not earn enough revenue to keep running the firm.

在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中存在著大大小小的企業(yè)和各類各樣的商品與服務(wù)，所以說(shuō)在售賣商品的過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生了激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。

·Incentives: The profit motive for firms and the possibility for individuals to earn unlimited wealth creates incentives to work hard. This helps to boost economic growth and living standards in the country.

因?yàn)闆](méi)有政府牽制，所有利潤(rùn)都會(huì)回到商家自己的口袋里,這樣的話高利潤(rùn)的回報(bào)就會(huì)鼓勵(lì)生產(chǎn)者去更努力工作，提高銷售量以求賺取更高的利潤(rùn)。

▼Disadvantages:

·Social Hardships: With the absence of government control, the supply of public goods like street light and public toilets could not be provided because of no-profit return.

沒(méi)有了政府管制，因?yàn)楣苍O(shè)施沒(méi)有利潤(rùn)回報(bào)（不從消費(fèi)者身上收取費(fèi)用）所以私有企業(yè)并不會(huì)提供這些，那么窮人可能就會(huì)很難維持他們的生活。

·Distribution of income inequalities: In the market system, the rich have far more choice and economic freedom. Production is taken place to meet the needs and wants to those who can afford it.

在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的形勢(shì)下，因?yàn)槔麧?rùn)的驅(qū)使生產(chǎn)者大多都生產(chǎn)利潤(rùn)高的商品與服務(wù)。因?yàn)槌袚?dān)得起，所以說(shuō)有錢的消費(fèi)者就比窮人有更多的選擇。必需品一般都是低收入低利潤(rùn)，所以生產(chǎn)者一般不會(huì)去生產(chǎn)這些，但是這些都是窮人所需要的，但是他們沒(méi)有能力承擔(dān)高昂的價(jià)格，他們的需求就被忽視了。長(zhǎng)此以往社會(huì)上會(huì)形成嚴(yán)重的貧富差距。

·Wasteful competition: Competitive pressures can mean that firms use up unnecessary resources to gain competitive advantages over their rivals, such as excess packaging and advertising clutter. Consumers might be exploited by marketing tactics such as pester power. The lack of government involvement could also mean that products are less safe for consumers.

是場(chǎng)內(nèi)激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)意味著生產(chǎn)者需要制造出更有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的商品，但是在這個(gè)制造的過(guò)程中會(huì)，淘汰很多東西經(jīng)過(guò)篩選才能有成品，所以說(shuō)在這個(gè)過(guò)程中會(huì)浪費(fèi)很多資源。例如說(shuō)廣告，商家在推銷自己產(chǎn)品過(guò)程中會(huì)推廣代言廣告（很多都是不必要的）以求吸引消費(fèi)者注意力。廣告對(duì)于兒童尤其有影響力(pester power).

·Environmental issues: There are negative consequences of economic prosperity under the marketsystem, such as resource depletion, pollution and climate change.

沒(méi)有政府管制，私有企業(yè)為了賺錢可以利用一切資源，甚至可以破壞環(huán)境，就像現(xiàn)在因?yàn)楣I(yè)生產(chǎn)而造成的霧霾等等。