II.Measurement of Economic Performance (12–16%)
A. National income accounts 國民收入賬戶
1. Circular flow 循環
2. Gross domestic product 國民生產總值(GDP)
3. Components of gross domestic product 國民生產總值的構成
4. Real versus nominal gross domestic product 實際與名義GDP
B. Inflation measurement and adjustment 通貨膨脹
1. Price indices 價格指數
2. Nominal and real values 名義價格與實際價格
3. Costs of inflation 通貨膨脹的(社會)成本
C. Unemployment 失業
1. Definition and measurement 定義和度量指標
2. Types of unemployment 失業的類型
3. Natural rate of unemployment 自然失業率
To provide an overview of how the?economy works, the course should start with a model of the circular flow of income and products that contain the four?sectors: households, businesses, government and international. It is important?to identify and examine the key measures of economic performance: gross domestic product, unemployment and inflation.
In studying the concept of gross domestic product, it is also important?that students learn how gross domestic product is measured, have a clear?understanding of its components and be able to distinguish between real and nominal gross domestic product.
The course should examine the nature and causes of unemployment, the costs of unemployment and how the unemployment rate is measured, including the?criticisms associated with the measurement of the unemployment rate. It is also?important to understand the concept of the natural rate?of unemployment and the factors that affect it. Students should also?have an understanding of inflation and how it is?measured. In this section, the course should cover the costs of inflation and?the main price indices, such as the consumer price?index (CPI) and the gross domestic product?deflator. Students should learn how these indices are constructed and?used to convert nominal values into real values, as well as to convert dollar?values in the past to dollar values in the present. It is also important to?highlight the differences between the two price indices as a measure of?inflation, as well as the problems associated with each measure.
A
1.經濟循環
2、Gross?Domestic Product(GDP)
國內生產總值,它指在一定時期內(一個季度或一年),一個國家或地區的經濟中所生產出的全部最終產品和勞務的價值。有以下幾點需要注意,第一,GDP是一個時間段內的概念,談GDP首先必須指明一個時間跨度,比如從去年的今天到今年的今天,這是整整一年。
第二,GDP是在這一時間段中一個國家或地區,所新生產出的最終產品和勞務的總和,只有最終的才計算在GDP里面,中間產品不算。用公式表示出來就是:GDP=ΣPX。
3、GDP的構成
由上面的經濟循環流程圖我們看到,經濟中一共有四個主要的部分:居民、企業、政府和國際貿易,對應于此,GDP包括這四個經濟指標,分別為:消費、投資、政府購買和凈出口,用公式表示Y=C+I+G+NX。
4、實際與名義GDP
當價格用規定的之前某一年的價格(稱為基期價格)時,稱其為實際GDP;當計算GDP中的價格P用現在的市場價格時,所得到的GDP稱為名義GDP。
實際與名義的區別在于前者剔除了價格變動的影響,后者則將其包括在內。名義GDP與實際GDP的比值稱為GDP平減指數(GDP deflator)。
B
1、通貨膨脹
當價格呈現長期、普遍上漲的時候,我們稱為通貨膨脹;當價格呈現長期、普遍下降的時候,我們稱為通貨緊縮。注意的地方是,通貨膨脹和通貨緊縮是描述價格長期的、普遍的變化趨勢,并不單單指某一產品。如果僅僅是某一產品,我們只能說它的價格上漲了,卻不能說發生通貨膨脹了。
2、消費者價格指數(CPI)
我們把產出中和我們日常生活息息相關的產品找出來,對他們的價格進行記錄,即固定商品、改變價格,用后一年(或一個月、一個季度)的數值除以前一個數值,得到的比值稱為CPI。
與GDP平減指數不同,CPI反應與居民生活密切相關的那些商品的價格變動,而GDP平減指數衡量經濟中所有產品的價格變動。
3、通貨膨脹的成本
鞋底成本:shoe-leather cost,通貨膨脹使人們不愿持有貨幣,這樣,當需要消費的時候,人們就要一次又一次地去銀行取錢,如此損失掉的時間與便利稱為鞋底成本。當然它不單單只磨壞鞋底所遭受的損失,更重要的是表示通貨膨脹使人們損失掉了時間與便利。
菜單成本:menu cost,這個詞源自餐館印刷新菜單的成本,它包括決定新價格的成本、印刷新清單和目錄的成本、把這些新價格表和目錄送給中間商和顧客的成本、為新價格做廣告的成本,甚至包括處理顧客對價格變動惱怒的成本。

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