Polarisation of Ions Theoretical lattice energies assume a perfect ionic model where the ions are 100% spherical and the attractions are purely electrostatic So overall, there has a been a c...
Born-Haber Cycles A?Born-Haber cycle?is a specific application of Hess’ Law for ionic compounds and enable us to calculate lattice enthalpy which cannot be found by experiment The basic prin...
Lattice Energy Lattice energy As with bond enthalpy,?lattice energy?(ΔHlatt?) can be expressed as a formation or dissociation process As a formation process, it is the enthalpy change when?1...
Weak Acid - Strong Base Titration In this example, strong sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq), is being added to weak ethanoic acid, CH3COOH (aq) NaOH (aq) + CH3COOH (aq) →?CH3COONa (aq) + H2O (l) T...
Action of a Buffer Solution A?buffer solution?is a solution which resists changes in pH when small amounts of acids or alkalis are added A buffer solution is used to keep the pH almost const...
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Drawing & Interpreting Titration Curves During a titration a pH meter can be used and a pH curve plotted A pH curve is a graph showing how the pH of a solution changes as the acid (or ba...
Measuring and Comparing pH Strong and weak acids The relative strengths of different acids can be determined by measuring the pH of equimolar aqueous solutions of the acids, at the same temp...
Ionic Product of Water, Kw In all aqueous solutions, an equilibrium exists in water where a few water molecules dissociate into protons and hydroxide ions We can derive an equilibrium consta...
