Edexcel A Level Chemistry:復習筆記1.8.1 Enthalpy Changes
Enthalpy Change Definitions
- To be able to compare the changes in enthalpy between reactions, all thermodynamic measurements are carried out under standard conditions
- These standard conditions are:
- A?pressure?of 100 kPa (you may see some older exam questions that use a figure of 101 kPa; the exact figure is 101 325 Pa, but it has been simplified in the current syllabus for problem-solving purposes)
- A?temperature?of 298 K (25?oC)
- Each substance involved in the reaction is in its?standard physical state?(solid, liquid or gas)
- To show that a reaction has been carried out under standard conditions, the symbol ? is used
- ΔH??= the standard enthalpy change
- There are a number of key definitions relating to enthalpy changes that you need to know
Enthalpy Definitions Table
Exam Tip
You will see various enthalpy change symbols used with subtle changes, e.g.
ΔHc??or?ΔcH??for enthalpy of combustion
Whichever symbol you use must have the following basic points:
- Δ to represent change
- H?to represent enthlalpy
- ? to respresent standard conditions
- A symbol to represent the type of enthalpy change occurring, e.g.
- c for combustion
- f for formation
- neut for neutralisation
- r for reaction
Worked Example
Calculating the enthalpy change of reaction
One mole water is formed from hydrogen and oxygen, releasing 286 kJ of energy
H2?(g) + ?O2?(g)?→?H2O (I)? ? ? ΔHr??= -286 kJ mol-1
Calculate ΔHr??for the reaction below:
2H2?(g) + O2?(g)?→?2H2O (I)
Answer
-
- Since two moles of water molecules are formed in the question above, the energy released is simply:
-
- ΔHr??= 2 mol x (-286 kJ mol-1) = -572 kJ mol-1
Worked Example
Calculating the enthalpy change
Calculate ΔHf??for the reaction below, given that ΔHf??[Fe2O3(s)] = -824.2 kJ mol-1
4Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 Fe2O3(s)
Answer
-
- Since two moles of Fe2O3?(s) are formed the total change in enthalpy for the reaction above is:
- ΔHf??=? 2 x ( -824.2 kJ mol-1)?= - 1648 kJ
Worked Example
Calculating enthalpy changes
Identify each of the following as ΔHr?, ΔHf?, ΔHc??or ΔHneut?
- MgCO3?(s)?→?MgO (s) + CO2?(g)
- C (graphite) + O2?(g)?→?CO2?(g)
- HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)?→?NaCl (aq) + H2O (I)
Answer
Answer 1:?ΔHr?
Answer 2:?ΔHf??as one mole of CO2?is formed from its elements in standard state?and?ΔHc??as one mole of carbon is burnt in oxygen
Answer 3:?ΔHneut??as one mole of water is formed from the reaction between an acid and an alkali
Exam Tip
The ΔHf??of an?element?in its standard state is zero.
For example, ΔHf??of O2(g) is 0 kJ mol-1
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