2018年AP環(huán)境科學(xué)真題解析（FR）

Category: AP課程, 國(guó)際課程 Date: 2018年6月23日上午11:35

第一題

分析：

環(huán)境科學(xué)考試的第一道題目一般是資料閱讀分析題目，需要大家讀懂所給的資料，從中發(fā)掘有用的信息點(diǎn)。此題考察的重點(diǎn)在于energy，比如傳統(tǒng)能源和新能源的環(huán)境影響。

解答：

(a)(i) 從文章中就可以找到答案。Carbon footprint is the amount of carbon dioxide and other carbon compounds released by various human activities.

(ii) 文章第一段同樣可以找到答案。The heaters use electricity generated by burning fossil fuels，releasing carbon dioxide and compounds, which increases the carbon footprint.

(iii)切實(shí)可行的方案才可以，比如solar energy等renewable energy, 或者采用recover, reuse等 cogeneration system循環(huán)利用產(chǎn)生的熱量，節(jié)約能源。

(b) 考察綠色屋頂?shù)暮锰帲绕渥⒁馐黔h(huán)境方面的好處。比如 reduce carbon dioxide by photosynthesis, lower the temperature , absorb rainfall and reduce runoff 等。

First, they can use local food, which lessens the amount of transportation, because transportation is a major source of environmental pollution.

Second, the food service could?have a meat-free day?to reduce the consumption of meat. Because livestock 比vegetation消耗的資源更多，更容易造成環(huán)境污染比如animal manure.

(d) 考察native species 的優(yōu)勢(shì)，此題沒(méi)有限制，就可以從環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)等多角度回答。

Native plants are more adopted to local temperature and precipitation, they can use the local natural resource completely and grow well.

Also, native plants usually have a good and stable relationship with other species, using native plants could eliminating the possibility of competition posed by introduced plants and maintain a balanced ecosystem.

(e) 考察synthetic fibers 的環(huán)境問(wèn)題，比如VOCs等化學(xué)物質(zhì)的釋放、難降解等。

Using flooring made of plant material could reduce the amount of VOCs released by carpet.

第二題

分析：

必考的計(jì)算題目，此題比較簡(jiǎn)單，借助wind energy等alternative energy考察計(jì)算，讀懂題目，理清關(guān)系，認(rèn)真計(jì)算即可。

(a)?An offshore wind project could not produce atmospheric pollutants, such as carbon and sulfur dioxide.

(b)?An offshore wind project could drive the price of electricity down. Because 增加電力的供應(yīng)，沒(méi)有環(huán)境污染所產(chǎn)生的external cost等。

(c)?海洋所提供的能源，典型的就是tidal energy。The turbines spin as the tide flows over them and turbine is connected to a generator that produces electricity.

(d)

(e)

(f)

第三題

分析：

此題是綜合分析題目，重點(diǎn)在于ecosystem，包括種間關(guān)系、能量流動(dòng)等，同時(shí)還考察物種和環(huán)境之間的關(guān)系。

(a)(i) Diatom

(ii) Krill

(iii) Arctic cod 或者Ringed seal 都可

(b) 考察食物鏈中物質(zhì)的傳遞和能量的流動(dòng)。

The direction of arrows indicates the transition of energy.

(c)從題目所給的信息出發(fā)：冰川熔化，北極熊的棲息地變少，同時(shí)北極出現(xiàn)無(wú)冰期，縮短北極熊的捕獵時(shí)間。 The habitat of polar bear would be destroyed as the amount of sea ice has decreased. Also, hunting season for polar bear could be shortened as Arctic Ocean is now completely free of sea ice for several weeks each summer.

(d)The green house gases trapped in sea ice would be released, such as carbon dioxide and methane. These gases could absorb more infrared radiation and warm the Earth’s surface.

(e)(i)產(chǎn)卵或者尋找適合的溫度生存條件都可。Spawning

(ii)注意不能回答whaling，要從人類活動(dòng)的商業(yè)角度分析whales死亡的原因。Overharvesting sea fishes, because it would reduce the food resource for right whales.

(iii) 要結(jié)合上一問(wèn)來(lái)回答。控制fishing quantity、設(shè)置休漁期fishing moratorium.

第四題

分析：

綜合分析題目，此道題目是典型的環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題。

(a)(i) carbon dioxide ,sulfur dioxide

(ii)asthma

(b)考察biomass燃燒產(chǎn)生的污染物質(zhì)的處理方法。We can use scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators. Smokestacks fitted with scrubbers could remove particulate matters, these particles are light enough to be carried on air currents, and when humans breathe them in, the particles act as irritants.

(c) Children have underdeveloped immune and nervous systems, they are susceptible to disease caused by indoor pollutants.

(d)(i)?Asbestos?come from building materials, such as ceiling and floor tiles.Radon is a gas that’s emitted by uranium as it undergoes radioactive decay. It seeps up through rocks and soil and enters buildings.

(ii) To reduce asbestos, we can use flooring made of plant material instead of asbestos products.

Radon can be reduced by ventilating?the basement. Because 通風(fēng)換氣可以降低室內(nèi)有毒氣體的含量，減少對(duì)人體的污染。

注意：答案不局限于上面所給的方面，符合題目要求并言之有理的都屬于正確的答案。

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