A Level經(jīng)濟學(xué)課程概念分享，提升拿A*概率

A-Level經(jīng)濟是一門非常實用的學(xué)科，它有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的經(jīng)濟思維和解決現(xiàn)實問題的能力。學(xué)生需要學(xué)習(xí)宏觀經(jīng)濟和微觀經(jīng)濟的知識，同時還要具備較高的綜合能力、英語學(xué)術(shù)寫作能力、經(jīng)濟類閱讀積累和批判性思維能力。今天我們整理了微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)概念，希望能夠幫助同學(xué)們高效備考A-Level經(jīng)濟。如果你正在備考A-Level經(jīng)濟，不妨認真閱讀以下內(nèi)容，為自己的備考之路打下堅實的基礎(chǔ)。

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1. Scarcity 稀缺性

Society has insufficient productive resources to fulfill unlimited human wants and needs.

2. Resource allocation problem 資源分配問題

The assignment of available resources to various uses.

3. Factors in production 生產(chǎn)要素

Inputs used to produce goods and services.

4. Microeconomics 微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)

How household sand firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets.

5. Macroeconomics 宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)

Economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.

6. Normative statements 規(guī)范表述

What the economy should go and what intervention should be adopted?

7. Positive statements 實證表述

What is the economy like and what happened?

8. Productivity 生產(chǎn)效率

Amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time.

9. Central planning channels resource

Inputs are based on direct allocation. Centralized manner depending on the specific organization of economic institutions.(price will not have directing power).

10. Opportunity cost 機會成本

The value (not a benefit) of the choice of a best alternative lost while making a decision.

11. Market power 市場支配力

The ability of a single person or firm to unduly influence market prices.

12.production possibility frontier 生產(chǎn)可能性邊界

Graphical representation of possible combination of two goods with constant resources and technology.

13. Absolute advantage 絕對優(yōu)勢

Ability of a party (anindividual, or firm, or country) to produce a greater quantity of a good, product, or service than competitors,using the same amount of resources.

14. Comparative advantage 比較優(yōu)勢

Agents have acomparative advantage over others in producing a particular good if they can produce that good at a lower relative opportunity cost or autarky price.

15. Asymmetric information 信息不對稱

In decisions in transactions where one party has more or better information than the other. This creates an imbalance of power in transactions.

16. Demand 需求

A buyer's willingness and ability to pay a price for a specific quantity of a good or service.

17. PED

The percentage change in quantity demanded given a percent change in the price.

18. XED

Measure the demand quantity change from the price change of relevant good.

19. YED

Measure the demand quantity change from income changes.

20. Willingness to pay 支付意愿

Maximum price at or below which a consumer will definitely buy one unit of the product.

21. Consumer surplus 消費者剩余

The difference between the maximum price aconsumer is willing to pay and the actual price they do pay.

22. Law of diminishing marginal returns 邊際收益遞減規(guī)律

Diminishing returns is the decrease in the marginal (incremental) output of a production process as the amount of a single factor of production is incrementally increased, while the amounts of all other factors of production stay constant.(ceteris paribus)

23. Explicit cost 顯性成本

A direct payment made to others in the course of running a business, such as wage, rent and materials.

24. Implicit cost 隱性成本

Is the opportunity cost equal to what a firm must give up in order to use a factor of production for which it already owns and thus does not pay rent.(foregone income from choosing not to work).

25. Accounting profit 會計利潤

Total revenue – total explicit cost.

26. Economic profit 經(jīng)濟利潤

Total revenue – total cost (explicit+implicit)；Economic profit =0: normal economic profit

27. Supply curve 供給曲線

In the goods market, supply is the amount of a product that producers are willing to sell at various given prices when all other factors are held constant. (ceteris paribus).

28.??Producer surplus 生產(chǎn)者剩余

The difference between the minimum price a producer is willing to sell and the actual price they do to sell.

29. Equilibrium 經(jīng)濟平衡

Economic equilibrium is a state where economic forces such as supply and demand are balanced. In goods market, equilibrium price stands for aprice that sellers sold the same amount that buyers want to buy (clearance).

30. Market structure 市場結(jié)構(gòu)

Characterization of how market operates differentlyHow many producers?How many buyers?What do buyers know about product?How products differ from each other?Is producer easy to entry or exit?

31. Perfect competition 完全競爭

There are numerous sellers and buyers；Both are price taker in market；Free move for producer；Homogeneous products

32. Monopoly 壟斷

Unique supplier in the market；No substitutes；Price maker

33. Oligopoly 寡頭壟斷

Two or several supplier；Barriers to entry；Product differentiation or homogeneous；Non-price competition；Interdependence

34. Monopolistic competition 壟斷性競爭

Every producer has its own market demand；Good in every market is substitutes；Markets are interdependent

35. Production efficiency 生產(chǎn)效率

No additional output can be obtained without increasing the amount of inputs.(lowest ATC).

36. Allocative efficiency 配置效率

Any changes made to assist one person would harm another(Equilibrium price= MC=AC)；Market can be said to have allocative efficiency if the price of a product that the market is supplying is equal to the marginal value consumers place on it, and equals marginal cost.

37. Excludable 可排除的

Individual can be effectively exclude from use.

38. Rivalrous? 競爭性的

One individual reduce availability to others.

39. Externality 外部性

The cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit.

40. Negative externality 負外部性

An economic activity that imposes a negative effect on an unrelated third party.

以上便是我們?yōu)榇蠹艺淼?0組微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)基礎(chǔ)概念，希望同學(xué)們在考前都能熟讀記憶，才能有機會拿A*。

如果你在A Level 學(xué)習(xí)上還有想要提升的地方，不妨來找我們的老師為你針對性指導(dǎo)。