OCR A Level Biology:復習筆記2.2.10 Amino Acids & Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids
Proteins
- Proteins are?polypeptides?(and macromolecules) made up of monomers called?amino acids
- The sequence, type and number of the amino acids within a protein determines its shape and therefore its function
- Proteins are extremely important for?cell growth, cell repair and structure
- They form all of the following:
- Enzymes
- Cell membrane proteins (eg. carrier)
- Hormones
- Immunoproteins (eg. immunoglobulins)
- Transport proteins (eg. haemoglobin)
- Structural proteins (eg. keratin, collagen)
- Contractile proteins (eg. myosin)
Amino acids
- Amino acids are the?monomers?of polypeptides
- There are 20 amino acids found in proteins common to all living organisms
- The general structure of all amino acids is a central carbon atom bonded to:
- An?amine?group -NH2
- A?carboxylic acid?group -COOH
- A?hydrogen?atom
- An?R?group (which is how each amino acid differs and why amino acid properties differ e.g. whether they are acidic or basic or whether they are polar or non-polar)
The generalised structure of an amino acid
Exam Tip
You will be expected to recognise whether an unfamiliar molecule is an amino acid or protein so look for the functional groups (amine and carboxyl).
The Peptide Bond
- Peptide bonds form between amino acids
- Peptide bonds are?covalent bonds?and so involve the sharing of electrons
- In order to form a?peptide bond?a hydroxyl (-OH) is lost from the carboxylic group of one amino acid and a hydrogen atom is lost from the amine group of another amino acid
- The remaining carbon atom (with the double-bonded oxygen) from the first amino acid bonds to the nitrogen atom of the second amino acid
- This is a?condensation?reaction so water is released
- Dipeptides?are formed by the condensation of?two?amino acids
- Polypeptides?are formed by the condensation of?many?(3 or more) amino acids
- A protein may have only one polypeptide chain or it may have multiple chains interacting with each other
- During?hydrolysis?reactions, the addition of water?breaks the peptide bonds?resulting in polypeptides being broken down to amino acids
Amino acids are bonded together by covalent peptide bonds to form a dipeptide in a condensation reaction
Exam Tip
When asked to identify the location of the peptide bond, look for where nitrogen is bonded to a carbon which has a double bond with an oxygen atom, note the R group is not involved in the formation of a peptide bond.
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