• The first division of living things in the classification system is to put them into one of?five kingdoms
• They are:
  • Animals
  • Plants
  • Fungi
  • Protoctists
  • Prokaryotes
• Main features of all fungi (e.g. moulds, mushrooms, yeast)
  • usually?multicellular
  • cells have?nuclei?and?cell walls?not made from cellulose
  • do not photosynthesize but?feed by saprophytic?(on dead or decaying material)?or parasitic?(on live material)?nutrition

A typical fungal cell

• Main features of all Protoctists (e.g. Amoeba, Paramecium, Plasmodium)
  • most are unicellular?but some are multicellular
  • all have a?nucleus, some may have cell walls and chloroplasts
  • meaning?some protoctists photosynthesise?and?some feed on organic substances?made by other living things

Two examples of protoctist cells

• Main features of all Prokaryotes (bacteria, blue-green algae)
  • often?unicellular
  • cells have?cell walls?(not made of cellulose) and?cytoplasm?but?no nucleus or mitochondria

A typical bacterial cell

• At least some parts of any plant are green, caused by the presence of the pigment?chlorophyll?which absorbs energy from sunlight for the process of?photosynthesis
• The plant kingdom includes organisms such as?ferns and flowering plants

?Ferns

• Have leaves called?fronds
• Do not produce flowers but instead?reproduce by spores?produced on the underside of fronds

Ferns

Ferns reproduce by spores found in the underside of their fronds

Flowering plants

• Reproduce sexually by means of?flowers and seeds
• Seeds are produced inside the ovary found at the base of the flower
• Can be divided into two groups –?monocotyledons?and?dicotyledons

Wheat plants are monocotyledons

Sunflowers are dicotyledons

How do you distinguish between monocotyledons and dicotyledons?

1) Flowers

• Flowers from?monocotyledons?contain petals in?multiples of 3
• Flowers from?dicotyledons?contain petals in?multiples of 4 or 5

2) Leaves

• Leaves from?monocotyledons?have?parallel leaf veins
• Leaves from?dicotyledons?have?reticulated leaf veins?(meaning that they are all interconnected and form a web-like network throughout the leaf)

Comparing monocots and dicots

• Viruses are not part of any classification system as they are?not considered living things
• They?do not carry out the seven life processes?for themselves, instead they?take over a host cell’s metabolic pathways?in order to make multiple copies of themselves
• Virus structure is simply?genetic material?(RNA or DNA) inside a protein coat

Structure of a typical virus

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