Edexcel A Level Further Maths: Core Pure:復(fù)習(xí)筆記1.1.6 Regions in Argand Diagrams
Inequalities & Regions in Argand Diagrams
How do I sketch inequalities such as
or 
?on an Argand diagram?
- The inequality
is satisfied by all complex numbers, 
, with a real part less than 2
- On an Argand diagram, this would be the region to the left of the vertical line
- The vertical line itself, , should be drawn dotted to show that points on this line are not permitted due to the strict inequality (<)
- On an Argand diagram, this would be the region to the left of the vertical line
- In general,?dotted?lines are used with?strict?inequalities ( < or > ) and?solid?lines are used with inequalities that?can be equal?( ≤ or ≥ )
- Here is how to represent the following inequalities as regions on an Argand diagram…
: shade?the region to the?left?of the?dotted?vertical line (or?solid?vertical?line for ≤)
: shade?the region to the?right?of the?dotted?vertical line (or?solid?vertical line for ≥)
- Similarly, here is how to represent the following inequalities as regions on an Argand diagram…
: shade the region below the dotted horizontal line (or solid horizontal line for ≤)
: shade the region above the dotted horizontal line (or solid horizontal line for ≥)
Sketching the inequalities 
and
How do I sketch inequalities such as 
?on an Argand diagram?
- For a given complex number
, the inequality 
represents all complex numbers, 
, that lie inside the circle?of radius 
, centred at - Here is how to represent the following inequalities as regions on an Argand diagram…
: shade?the region?inside the circle of radius , centred at 
: shade?the (unbounded) region?outside?circle of radius , centred at- Again use a?dotted?line for strict inequalities (< and >) and a?solid?line for weak inequalities ( ≤ or ≥ )
Sketching the inequalities 
and 
How do I sketch inequalities such as 
?on an Argand diagram?
- For two given complex numbers and
, the inequality 
?represents all complex numbers, , that lie closer to ?than to - Here is how to represent the following inequalities as regions on an Argand diagram…
: shade the region on the side of the perpendicular bisector of ?and that includes the point
: shade the region on the side of the dotted perpendicular bisector of ?and that includes the poin 
- A good way to remember which side to shade is that the inequality sign points (like an arrow) to the side to be shaded
Sketching the inequalities 
?and 
How do I sketch inequalities such as 
on an Argand diagram?
- For a given complex number, , the inequality
represents all complex numbers, , that have an argument between α and β, as measured from the pointα - Here is how to represent the following inequalities as regions on an Argand diagram…
- : shade the wedge-shaped region between the half-line
and the half-line 
, with an open circle at 
to show the?exclusion?of this point (to avoid the undefined value of 
)
Sketching the inequalities 
How do I draw multiple inequalities on the same Argand diagram?
- To sketch a region that satisfies multiple inequalities, we need to find the?intersection?of all the regions (where all regions overlap)
- E.g. the region satisfied by
?can be found as follows…
- Using diagonal lines in the same direction, lightly shade the region
(the outside of a circle of radius 2 about the origin) - Using diagonal lines in a different direction, lightly shade the region
?(the inside of a circle of radius 5 about the origin) - Where the diagonal lines?cross each other?highlights the region satisfying both inequalities; this should be shaded?boldly
- Using diagonal lines in the same direction, lightly shade the region
- E.g. the region satisfied by
and 
?can be found as follows…
- Using diagonal lines in the same direction, lightly shade the region (the side including
?from the perpendicular bisector of the points i?and 1) - Using diagonal lines in a different direction, lightly shade the region
(the wedge-shaped region from 0?to 
?radians from the origin) - Where the diagonal lines?cross each other?highlights the region satisfying both inequalities; this should be shaded?boldly
- Using diagonal lines in the same direction, lightly shade the region
- E.g. the region satisfied by
The inequalities 
? on the left, the inequalities 
and 
?on the right
How do I find the greatest (or least) values of 
or 
?in a region?
- Every complex number, , that lies within a region on an Argand diagram will have its own modulus,
, that is measured from the origin - For any shaped region…
- The least value of ?is the?distance?from the?origin?to the?nearest point?in the region
- The greatest value of ?is the?distance?from the?origin?to the?farthest point?in the region
- Sometimes the least value is?zero (if the origin is in the region) and/or the greatest value is infinite (if the region is unbounded)
- The least value of
- For circular regions that do not contain the origin…
- Find the length from the origin to the centre of the circle…
- then add a radius for the greatest value of or subtract a radius for the least value of
- Every complex number, , that lies within a region on an Argand diagram will have its own argument,
, as measured from the origin - For any shaped region…
- The least value of is ?the?smallest angle?a line through the origin can make to a point in the region
- The greatest value of ?is the?largest angle?a line through the origin can make to a point in the region
- The least value of is
- For circular regions that do not contain the origin…
- Find θ,?the argument of the centre…
- Find α, the angle between a tangent to the circle through the origin and the line from the origin to the centre…
- This can be done using trigonometry, as a radius meets a tangent at right angles
- The greatest value of is
?and the least value of is 
Find greatest and least values of?and
Exam Tip
- When shading an unbounded region in the exam, make sure you extend your shading outwards, crossing any axes where necessary.
- When shading multiple inequalities to find a common region, lots of methods are accepted; these include lightly shading individual regions to see where they overlap, or starting to shade along the boundaries of individual regions to find the common region, or marking individual regions to find the region with multiple marks, etc.
Worked Example
a) On separate Argand diagrams, shade the region whose points represent complex numbers?satisfying
?satisfying(i) ? ?the inequality 
(ii)???? ?both inequalities 
and 
and 
b) For complex numbers?satisfying the inequality 
, find
?satisfying the inequality , find(i)?? ????the greatest value of
(ii)????? ?the least value of 
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