Terminal Potential Difference

• The?terminal potential difference (p.d.)?is the potential difference across the terminals of a cell
  • If there was no internal resistance, the terminal p.d. would be equal to the e.m.f.
  • If a cell has internal resistance, the terminal p.d. is always?lower?than the e.m.f.
  • If you have a load resistor?R?across the cell's terminals, then the terminal p.d. is?also?the potential difference across the load resistor

Circuit showing the e.m.f. and internal resistance of a power supply

• Where:
  • Resistor?R?is the ‘load resistor’
  • r?is the internal resistance
  • ε is the e.m.f.
  • Vr?is the lost volts
  • VR?is the p.d across the load resistor, which is the same as the terminal p.d.

• Terminal potential difference is the voltage available to the rest of the circuit

VR?=?I?×?R??( from Ohm’s law)

• Where:
  • R = load resistance (Ω)
  • I = current in the circuit (A)
  • VR?= Terminal p.d. (V)

• When a load resistor is connected, current flows through the cell and a potential difference develops across the internal resistance.
  • This voltage is not available to the rest of the circuit so is called the ‘lost volts’

• Vr?is the?lost volts
  • This is the voltage lost in the cell due to internal resistance

Vr?=?I?×?r?(from Ohm’s law)

• Where:
  • r = internal resistance (Ω)
  • I = current in the circuit (A)
  • Vr?= Lost volts (V)

• The e.m.f. is the sum of the terminal p.d. and the lost volts:

The Difference Between Potential Difference and E.M.F

• The difference between?potential difference?and?e.m.f?is the type of energy transfer per unit charge

• When charge passes through a resistor, for example, its electrical energy is converted to heat in the resistor
  • The resistor, therefore, has a?potential difference?across it

   

• Potential difference describes the loss of energy from charges
  • Ie. when?electrical energy?is?transferred?to other forms of energy in a component

   

• E.m.f. describes the?transfer of energy?from the?power supply?to?electrical charges?within the circuit