• Transition element ions can form complexes which consist of a?central metal ion?and?ligands
• Copper(II) and cobalt(II) ions will be used as examples of the central metal ions, in the complex formation with water (H₂O), ammonia (NH₃), hydroxide (OH^-), and chloride (Cl^-) ligands
  • A copper(II) ion has an electronic configuration of 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d⁹
  • A cobalt(II) ion has an electronic configuration of 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d⁷

Complexes with water & ammonia molecules

• Water and ammonia molecules are examples of?neutral?ligands
• Both ligands contain a lone pair of electrons which can be used to form a dative covalent bond with the central metal ion
  • In water, this is the lone pair on the oxygen atom
  • In ammonia, it is the lone pair on the nitrogen atom
• Since water and ammonia are small ligands, 6 of them can fit around a central metal ion, each donating a lone pair of electrons, forming 6 dative bonds
  • The?coordination?number?of a complex is the number of dative bonds formed between the central metal ion and the ligands
  • Since there are 6 dative bonds, the coordination number for the complex is 6
• Complexes with a coordination number of 6 have an?octahedral?shape
• The overall charge of a complex is the sum of the charge on the central metal ion, and the charges on each of the ligands
• A complex with cobalt(II) or copper(II) as a central metal ion, and water or ammonia molecules as ligands, will have an?overall charge?of?2+
  • The central metal ion has a 2+ charge and the ligands are neutral

Cobalt(II) and copper(II) form octahedral complexes with ammonia and water ligands

Complexes with hydroxide & chloride ions

• Hydroxide and chloride ions are examples of?negatively?charged ligands
• Both ligands contain a lone pair of electrons which can be used to form a dative covalent bond with the central metal ion
• Hydroxide ligands are small, so 6 of them can fit around a central metal ion and the complex formed will have a?coordination?number?of 6
• Chloride ligands are large ligands, so only 4 of them will fit around a central metal ion
• Complexes with 4 chloride ligands will have a?coordination number?of 4
  • Complexes with 4 chloride ligands will form?tetrahedral?complexes
  • Whereas hydroxide ligands will form?octahedral?complexes
• A complex with cobalt(II) or copper(II) as a central metal ion and chloride ions as ligands, will have an?overall charge?of?2-
  • The central metal ion has a charge of 2+
  • Each chloride ligand has a charge of 1-
  • There are 4 chloride ligands in the complex, so the overall?negative?charge is 4-
  • The overall?positive?charge is 2+
  • Therefore, the overall charge of the complex is 2-
• A complex with cobalt(II) or copper(II) as a central metal ion and hydroxide ions as ligands, will have no?overall charge
  • The central metal ion has a charge of 2+
  • Each hydroxide ligand has a charge of 1-
  • There are 2 hydroxide ligands in the complex, so the overall?negative?charge is 2-
  • The overall?positive?charge is 2+
  • Therefore, the overall charge on the complex is 0

Cobalt(II) and copper(II) form tetrahedral complexes with chloride and octahedral complexes with water and hydroxide ligands