Position of the equilibrium

• The?position of the equilibrium?refers to the relative amounts of products and reactants in an equilibrium mixture.
• When the position of equilibrium shifts to the?left, it means the concentration of?reactants?increases
• When the position of equilibrium shifts to the?right, it means the concentration of?products?increases

Le Chatelier’s principle

• Le Chatelier’s principle?says that if a change is made to a system at dynamic equilibrium, the position of the equilibrium moves to minimise this change
• The principle is used to predict changes to the position of equilibrium when there are changes in temperature, pressure or concentration

Effects of concentration

Effects of concentration table

Worked example: Changes in equilibrium position

Answer

Answer 1:

The position of the equilibrium moves to the left and more ethanoic acid and ethanol are formed.The reaction moves in this direction to oppose the effect of added ethyl ethanoate, so the ethyl ethanoate decreases in concentration.

Answer 2:

The position of the equilibrium moves to the left and more ethanoic acid and ethanol are formed.

The reaction moves in this direction to oppose the removal of ethanol so more ethanol (and ethanoic acid) are formed from ethyl ethanoate and water.

Answer 3:

There is no effect as the water dilutes all the ions equally so there is no change in the ratio of reactants to products.

Effects of pressure

• Changes in pressure only affect reactions where the reactants or products are gases

Effects of pressure table

Worked example: Changes in pressure

Answer

Answer 1:

The equilibrium shifts to the left as there are fewer gas molecules on the left.This causes a decrease in pressure.

Answer 2:

The equilibrium shifts to the left as there are no gas molecules on the left but there is CO2?on the right.

This causes a decrease in pressure.

Answer 3:

The equilibrium shifts to the right as there is a greater number of gas molecules on the right.This causes an increase in pressure.

Effects of temperature

Effects of temperature table

Worked example: Changes in temperature

Answer

Answer 1:

The reaction will absorb the excess energy and since the forward reaction is endothermic, the equilibrium will shift to the right.Answer 2:

The reaction will absorb the excess energy and since this causes a shift of the equilibrium towards the right (as more CO2(g) is formed) this means that the reaction is endothermic (because endothermic reactions favour the products).

Effects of catalysts

• A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction (they increase the rate of the?forward?and?reverse?reaction?equally)
• Catalysts only cause a reaction to reach its equilibrium?faster
• Catalysts therefore have?no effect?on the?position of the equilibrium?once this is reached