• Mitochondria are rod-shaped organelles 0.5 - 1.0 μm in diameter
• They are the site of aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells
• The function of mitochondria is to?synthesize ATP
• Synthesis of ATP in the mitochondria occurs during the last stage of respiration called oxidative phosphorylation
  • This relies on membrane proteins that make up the ‘electron transport chain’ and the ATP synthase enzyme – the details of this are covered later in the notes

The structure of a mitochondrion

Structure

• Mitochondria have two phospholipid membranes
• The outer membrane is:
  • Smooth
  • Permeable to several small molecules
• The inner membrane is:
  • Folded (cristae)
  • Less permeable
  • The site of the?electron transport chain?(used in oxidative phosphorylation)
  • Location of?ATP synthase?(used in oxidative phosphorylation)
• The intermembrane space:
  • Has a low pH due to the?high concentration of protons
  • The concentration gradient across the inner membrane is formed during oxidative phosphorylation and is?essential for ATP synthesis
• The matrix:
  • Is an aqueous solution within the inner membranes of the mitochondrion
  • Contains ribosomes, enzymes and circular mitochondrial DNA necessary for mitochondria to function

Electron micrograph of mitochondria

Electron micrograph of cristae and ATP synthase

Relationship between structure & function

• The structure of mitochondria makes them well adapted to their function
• They have a?large surface area?due to the presence of?cristae?(inner folds) which enables the membrane to hold many electron transport chain proteins and ATP synthase enzymes
• More active cell types can have larger mitochondria with longer and more tightly packed cristae to enable the?synthesis of more ATP?because they have a?larger surface area
• The?number?of mitochondria in each cell can vary depending on cell activity
  • Muscle cells are more active and have more mitochondria per cell than fat cells