Defining Potential Difference

• A cell makes one end of the circuit positive and the other negative. This sets up a?potential difference?V?across the circuit
• The potential difference across a component in a circuit is defined as the?energy transferred per unit charge?flowing from one point to another
• The energy transfer is from electrical energy into other forms
• Potential difference is measured in?volts (V). This is the same as a?Joule per coulomb (J C^-1)
  • If a bulb has a voltage of 3 V, every coulomb of charge passing through the bulb will transfer 3 J of energy

• The potential difference of a power supply connected in series is always shared between all the components in the circuit

The potential difference is the voltage across each component in a circuit

Calculating Potential Difference

• The potential difference is defined as the?energy transferred per unit charge
• Another measure of energy transfer is work done
• Therefore, potential difference can also be defined as the?work done per unit charge

Potential difference is the work done per unit charge

Terminal Potential Differnce & Lost Volts

• The?terminal potential difference (p.d)?is the potential difference across the terminals of a cell
  • If there was no internal resistance, the terminal p.d would be equal to the e.m.f
• It is defined as:

V?=?IR

• Where:
  • V?= terminal p.d (V)
  • I?= current (A)
  • R?= load resistance (Ω)
• If a cell has internal resistance?r, the terminal p.d is always?lower?than the e.m.f
• If you have a load resistor?R?across the cell's terminals, then the terminal p.d?V?is equal to?the p.d across the load resistor
• In a closed circuit, current flows through a cell and a potential difference develops?across the internal resistance
• Since resistance opposes current, this reduces the energy per unit charge (voltage) available to the rest of the external circuit
• This difference is called the ‘lost volts’
  • Lost volts?is usually represented by little?v
  • It is defined as the voltage?lost?in the cell due to internal resistance
  • So, from conservation of energy, we can say:

v?= e.m.f ? terminal p.d

v = ε – V =?Ir?(Ohm’s law)

• Where:
  • v?= lost volts (V)
  • I?= current (A)
  • r?= internal resistance of the battery (Ω)
  • ε =?e.m.f (V)
  • V =?terminal p.d (V)
• Therefore, lost volts is the?difference?between the e.m.f and the terminal p.d

Discharging a Cell

• When a cell is discharging, it will?not discharge?a?constant?amount?of voltage
• Instead, an?initial high amount?that?slowly decreases?over time is discharged?ending?in a?rapid decrease
  • This means that cells make a?distinctive discharge curve?with a drop, plateau and final rapid drop

Typical discharge curves for a 1.5 V terminal cell showing discharge for a 0.5A, 1A and 1.5A drawing current

The Capacity of a Cell

• The?capacity?of a cell is the?amount of charge?that it contains and is?able to discharge
• This is measured in Ampere hours (A hr)
• When a cell has a certain capacity the amount of?current drawn?from this cell will impact the amount of?time?that it can?run?for
  • In the image above three different drawing currents are shown for the same 1.5 V cells

• The relationship between current drawn and hours of cell lifetime is a simple?linear relationship
• As an example: A 100 A.hr capacity battery is able to provide 100 hours of 1A current
• However, the same battery when fully charged can give 50 hours of charge for a 2A current or 25 hours for a 4A current

ANSWER:

• Both lamps have the same current, which means charge flows at the same rate in both
• The 240 V lamp has 20 times more voltage than the 12 V lamp
• Voltage is the energy transferred (work done) per unit charge
• This means the energy transferred to each coulomb of charge in the 240 V lamp is 20 times greater than for the 12 V lamp
• This makes the 240 V lamp shine much brighter than the 12 V lamp