• Multicellular organisms are able to undertake functions that unicellular organisms cannot, e.g. move over vast distances and digest large macromolecules
• This is a result of properties emerging when?individual cells organise and interact?to produce living organisms
  • Scientists sometimes summarise this with the phrase "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
• Traditionally, scientists have approached the study of biology from a reductionist perspective, looking at the individual cells, however, due to emergent properties there is an argument that the?systems approach?should be used

The organisation of multicellular organisms

• In multicellular organisms,?specialised cells?of the?same type?group?together?to form?tissues
• A tissue is a group of cells that?work together?to perform a?particular function. For example:
  • Epithelial cells group together to form epithelial tissue (the function of which, in the small intestine, is to absorb food)
  • Muscle cells (another type of specialised cell) group together to form muscle tissue (the function of which is to contract in order to move parts of the body)
• Different tissues?work together?to form?organs. For example:
  • The heart is made up of many different tissues (including cardiac muscle tissue, blood vessel tissues and connective tissue, as well as many others)
• Different organs?work together?to form?organ systems
• Organ systems?work together?to carry out the life functions of a complete?organism

The organisation of multicellular organisms

Levels of Organisation in Humans Table

• In complex?multicellular?organisms?eukaryotic?cells become?specialised?for?specific functions. This can also be referred to as?the division of labour
• Specialisation enables the cells in a tissue to function more efficiently as they develop specific adaptations for that role. The development of these distinct specialised cells occurs by?differentiation
• These specialised eukaryotic cells have?specific adaptations?to help them carry out their functions
• For example, the?structure of a cell?is adapted to help it carry out its function (this is why specialised eukaryotic cells can look extremely?different?from each other)
• Structural adaptations include:
  • The?shape?of the cell
  • The?organelles?the cell contains (or doesn’t contain)
• For example:
  • Cells that make large amounts of?proteins?will be adapted for this function by containing?many ribosomes?(the organelle responsible for protein production)

The biconcave shape of erythrocytes increases the surface area available for oxygen absorption

• Every nucleus within the cells of a multicellular organism contains the same genes, that is, all cells of an organism have the identical?genome
• Despite cells having the same genome, they have a diverse range of functions because during?differentiation?certain genes are?expressed?('switched' on)
• Controlling gene expression is the key to development as the cells differentiate due to the different genes being expressed
• Once certain genes are expressed the specialisation of the cell is usually fixed so the cell cannot adapt to a new function

Expression of genes resulting in cell differentiation