• Feynman diagrams are a clear way of representing particle interactions in terms of their incoming and outgoing particles and exchange particles
• Although there are many variations of Feynman diagrams, they follow a set of rules:
  • The vertical axis represents?space
  • The horizontal axis represents?time
  • Gauge bosons?are represented by a wavy or dashed lines or a helix
  • All other particles are represented by?straight?lines
  • Each line (apart from neutral gauge bosons) must have an?arrow?with its direction forward in time
  • The total charge, baryon number, and lepton number must be?conserved?at each vertex
  • Only two?particles may go into/out of a vertex
  • Particle lines must?not?cross over

Feynman diagrams follow a set of rules which are needed to interpret them accurately

• Feynman diagrams show nothing about the actual path of the particles, so the angles in the diagram are of no significance

Exchange Particles

• Gauge bosons are represented differently in each Feynman diagram depending on the type of interaction
• Charged exchange particles (W⁺?and W^–)?must?have their direction indicated

• Representing exchange particles:
  • In the weak interaction, W and Z bosons are represented by a dashed line
  • The W⁺?and W^–?must have an arrow showing their direction (left or right)
  • Photons are represented by a wavy line
  • Gluons are represented by a helix

The gauge bosons are depicted by a wavy or dashed line, or a helix depending on the type of interaction

• The vertical axis represents space and the horizontal axis represents time
• All particles are labeled correctly
• All particles are represented by straight lines and arrows pointing forward in time
• W⁺?boson represented by a dashed line with an arrow pointing towards the neutron-proton vertex

Quark Transformation in β decay

• β decay occurs because of the weak interaction between quarks

Quark Composition: β^–?decay

• β^–?decay is when a neutron turns into a proton emitting an electron and anti-electron neutrino
• More specifically, a neutron turns into a proton because a?down?quark turns?into an?up quark

Beta minus decay is when a down quark turns into an up quark

• The W^–?boson ‘carries away’ the negative charge of the down quark which provides the negative charge for the electron and anti-neutrino

In beta minus decay, the weak interaction turns a down quark into an up quark

Quark Composition: β⁺?decay

• β⁺?decay is when a proton turns into a neutron emitting an positron and an electron neutrino
• More specifically, a proton turns into a neutron because an?up?quark turns into a?down quark

Beta plus decay is when an up quark turns into a down quark

• The W⁺?boson ‘carries away’ the positive charge of the up quark which provides the positive charge for the positron and neutrino

In beta plus decay, the weak interaction turns an up quark into a down quark

• Quarks are?only?allowed to?exist within hadrons: baryons and mesons
• Quarks?cannot?be alone and isolated
• Quarks?exchange gluons?to keep them in place relative to each other
• Attempting to separate quarks from their hadrons produces yet more hadrons using the energy required to separate them
  • This is known as?quark confinement

• When quarks are moved apart the energy required to do so increases rapidly
  • For example, when pulling the quark-antiquark pair of a meson apart
  • As they are pulled apart the energy builds and when the energy is high enough, it generates another quark-antiquark pair
  • This quark-antiquark pair bridges the gap between the original quark-antiquark

A meson pulled apart will make another new meson rather than isolated quarks

• Quark confinement is part of the theory of?quantum chromodynamics?(QCD), the study of which is beyond the scope of the IB DP Physics syllabus