The Photon Model

• Photons are fundamental particles that make up all forms of electromagnetic radiation
• A photon is a massless “packet” or a “quantum” of electromagnetic energy
• What this means is that the energy is not transferred continuously but as?discrete?packets of energy
• In other words, each photon carries a specific amount of energy, and transfers this energy all in one go

Calculating Photon Energy

• The energy of a photon can be calculated using the formula:

E = hf

• Using the?wave equation, energy can also be equal to:

• Where:
  • E?= energy of the photon (J)
  • h?=?Planck's constant?(J s)
  • c?=?the speed of light?(m s^-1)
  • f?= frequency (Hz)
  • λ?= wavelength (m)

• This equation tells us:
  • The higher the frequency of EM radiation, the higher the energy of the photon
  • The energy of a photon is inversely proportional to the wavelength
  • A long-wavelength photon of light has a lower energy than a shorter-wavelength photon

Atomic Energy Levels

• Electrons in an atom can have only certain specific energies
  • These energies are called?electron energy levels

• They can be represented as a series of stacked horizontal lines increasing in energy
• Normally, electrons occupy the lowest energy level available, this is known as the?ground state
• Electrons can gain energy and move up the energy levels if it absorbs energy either by:
  • Collisions with other atoms or electrons
  • Absorbing a photon
  • A physical source, such as heat

• This is known as?excitation, and when electrons move up an energy level, they are said to be in an?excited state
• If the electron gains enough energy to be removed from the atom entirely, this is known as?ionisation
• When an electron returns to a lower energy state from a higher excited state, it releases energy in the form of a photon

Electron energy levels in atomic hydrogen. Photons are emitted when an electron moves from a higher energy state to a lower energy state