Edexcel IGCSE Geography 復習筆記 4.2.2 Informal Employment
Edexcel IGCSE Geography 復習筆記 4.2.2 Informal Employment
Causes of Informal Employment
- Informal employment?is any employment which is unregulated and unofficial
- It is estimated that more than 60% of the world's employed population work in informal employment
- As much as 93% of informal employment is in developing and emerging countries
- Most informal employment is work in the tertiary sector
- Examples of jobs in the informal economy include:
- shoe shining
- rubbish collecting
- selling fruit or other products on the street
- Para-transit?- including rickshaws and tuk tuks
- There are a number of causes of informal employment
Causes of Informal Employment
Impacts of Informal Employment
- People working in the informal economy:
-
- Have no healthcare benefits
- Are often exposed to health or safety risks
- Have no contracts or guaranteed pay
- Have no holiday or sick pay
- Para transit?often causes congestion and if motorised they cause additional pollution
- Lack of regulations means workers are often exploited by employers
- Many children working in informal employment do not get the opportunity to go to school
- Children may be exposed to health risks, drugs, violence and crime
- Governments collect less in tax because the jobs are not official
Case Study: Informal Employment in Dhaka
- Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh
- It is a?megacity?with a population of 22.5 million people
- Approximately 400,000 people migrate to Dhaka each year
- Estimates suggest that over 75% of the population are engaged in informal employment:
- 500,000 rickshaw drivers
- 80,000 waste related workers
- Workers in small workshops
- Casual workers in restaurants and hotels
- Day labourers in construction
- Informal employment also includes children with over 690,000 children in Dhaka involved in informal employment
- Many of Dhaka's informal workers live in?informal settlements
Characteristics of Dhaka's Informal Sector
- Low pay
- Long working hours
- Temporary or part-time work
- Underemployment
- No benefits such as holiday pay or sick pay
- Poor and unhealthy working conditions
- Health and safety risks
- No training
- Exploitation by employers
- No legal protection
Worked Example
Study Figure 1 which shows examples of informal employment in India
Figure 1 - Examples of Informal Employment in India
Explain one piece of evidence that there is informal employment in this city (2)
- Answer
-
- There is a man selling goods from a cart (1) because he doesn't have a shop to sell his goods from. (1)
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? OR
-
- There is a motorised rickshaw or TukTuk (1) these are not part of the public transport system (1)
Exam Tip
Remember underemployment and unemployment are not the same. Underemployment is when a person has work but is not working as many hours as they want to. Unemployment is when a person is not working.
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