• Primary sexual characteristics are present during development in the uterus and are the differences in reproductive organs etc between males and females
• Secondary sexual characteristics are the?changes that occur during puberty?as children become adolescents
• They are controlled by the release of?hormones
  • Oestrogen?in females
  • Testosterone?in males

   

Human secondary sexual characteristics

Female Secondary Sexual Characteristics Table

Male Secondary Sexual Characteristics Table

• Some changes occur to both males and females, including?the growth of sexual organs?and?growth of body hair
• Emotional changes?also occur due to the increased levels of hormones in the body
• These include more interest in sex and increased mood swings

• Starts in early adolescence in females (around age?12) and is controlled by?hormones
• The average menstrual cycle is?28 days?long
• Ovulation?(the release of an egg) occurs about?halfway?through the cycle (day?14) and the egg then travels down the oviduct to the uterus
• Failure to fertilise the egg causes?menstruation?(commonly called a period) to occur - this is caused by the?breakdown of the thickened lining of the uterus
• Menstruation lasts around?5 - 7 days?and signals the beginning of the next cycle
• After menstruation finishes, the lining of the uterus starts to thicken again in preparation for possible implantation in the next cycle

Changes in the lining of the uterus during the menstrual cycle

Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle

• The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones released from the?ovary?and the?pituitary gland?in the brain
• Oestrogen?levels rise from day 1 to peak just before?day 14
• This causes the?uterine wall to start thickening?and the?egg to mature
• The peak in oestrogen occurs just before the egg is released
• Progesterone?stays low from day 1 – 14 and starts to rise once ovulation has occurred
• The increasing levels?cause the uterine lining to thicken further; a fall in progesterone levels causes the uterine lining to break down (menstruation / ‘period’)

The roles of FSH and LH

• FSH?(follicle-stimulating?hormone)?is released by the?pituitary gland?and causes an?egg to start maturing?in the ovary
• It also?stimulates the ovaries?to start releasing?oestrogen
• The?pituitary gland?is stimulated to release?luteinising hormone (LH)?when?oestrogen?levels have reached their peak
• LH?causes?ovulation to occur?and also?stimulates the ovary?to produce?progesterone

Changes in the levels of the pituitary hormones FSH and LH in the blood during the menstrual cycle

The roles of oestrogen and progesterone

• Oestrogen?levels rise from day 1 to peak just before?day 14
• This causes the?uterine wall to start thickening?and the?egg to mature
• The peak in oestrogen occurs just before the egg is released
• Progesterone?stays low from day 1 – 14 and starts to rise once ovulation has occurred
• The increasing levels?cause the uterine lining to thicken further; a fall in progesterone levels causes the uterine lining to break down (menstruation / ‘period’)

Changes in the levels of oestrogen and progesterone in the blood during the menstrual cycle

Interaction between all four of the menstrual cycle hormones

• The pituitary gland produces?FSH?which stimulates the development of a?follicle?in the ovary
• An egg develops inside the follicle and the follicle produces the hormone?oestrogen
• Oestrogen causes?growth and repair of the lining of the uterus wall?and inhibits production of?FSH
• When oestrogen rises to a high enough level it stimulates the release of?LH?from the pituitary gland which causes?ovulation?(usually around day 14 of the cycle)
• The follicle becomes the?corpus luteum?and starts producing?progesterone
• Progesterone?maintains the uterus lining?(the thickness of the uterus wall)
• If the ovum is not fertilised, the corpus luteum breaks down and progesterone levels drop
• This causes?menstruation, where the uterus lining breaks down and is removed through the vagina - commonly known as having a period
• If pregnancy does occur the corpus luteum?continues to produce progesterone, preventing the uterus lining from breaking down and?aborting?the pregnancy
• It does this until the?placenta?has developed, at which point it starts secreting progesterone and?continues to do so throughout the pregnancy

Diagram showing where hormones involved in the menstrual cycle are made and act