• Work has to be done to stretch a material
• Before a material reaches its?elastic limit?(whilst it obeys Hooke's Law), all the work is done is stored as?elastic strain energy
• The work done, or the elastic strain energy is the?area under the force-extension graph

Work done is the area under the force-extension graph

• This is true for whether the material obeys Hooke’s law or not
  • For the region where the material?obeys?Hooke’s law, the work done is the area of a?right-angled triangle?under the graph
  • For the region where the material?doesn’t obey?Hooke’s law, the area is the?full region?under the graph. To calculate this area, split the graph into separate segments and add up the individual areas of each

   

• When a material?does?obey Hooke's law, the elastic strain energy,?E?can be calculated with an equation
  • The equation is the area of a right-angled triangle under the force-extension graph

   

• Where:
  • E =?elastic strain energy (or work done) (J)
  • F?= average force (N)
  • ΔL =?extension (m)

   

• Since Hooke's Law states that?F?=?kΔL, the elastic strain energy can also be written as:

• Where:
  • k?= spring constant (N m–1)

   

Breaking Stress

• As greater force is applied on a material, the?stress?on it increases
• The breaking stress is the?maximum stress a material can stand before it fractures (breaks)
  • A material with high breaking stress is considered?ductile, which means it can extend more before breaking because of?plastic?deformation
  • A common example of this is copper, as well as being a good electrical conductor, copper is ductile so it is a suitable material for making wires

   

• The ultimate tensile stress (UTS) is sometimes also marked on a stress-strain graph
  • This is the?maximum stress that the material can withstand

   

• The UTS and breaking stress can depend on the condition of the material such as its temperature
  • This is very important for engineers when considering materials for a particular structure
  • The material might need to stand extreme temperatures and loads which are taken into consideration

   

The ultimate breaking stress is the point on the stress-strain graph of maximum stress. The breaking point is where the material fractures

• When a vertical spring is extended and contracted, its energy is converted into other forms
• Although the total energy of the spring will remain constant, it will have changing amounts of:
  • Elastic?potential energy (EPE)
  • Kinetic?energy (KE)
  • Gravitational?potential energy (GPE)

   

• When a vertical mass is hanging on a spring and it moves up and down, its energy will convert between the three in various amounts

• At position?A:
  • The spring has some EPE since it is slightly compressed
  • Its KE is 0 since it is stationary
  • Its?GPE is at a maximum?because the mass is at its highest point

   

• At position?B:
  • The spring has some EPE since it is slightly stretched
  • Its?KE is at a maximum?as it passes through the equilibrium position at its maximum speed
  • It has some GPE since the mass is still above the ground

   

• At position?C:
  • The spring has its maximum EPE because it is at its maximum extension
  • Its KE is 0 since it is stationary
  • Its?GPE is at a minimum?because it is at its lowest point above the Earth's surface

   

• For a horizontal mass on a spring system, there is no gravitational potential energy to consider. The spring only converts between kinetic and elastic potential energy