• Since energy is always conserved, the energy of an incident photon is equal to:

The work function + the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectron

• The energy within a photon is equal to?hf
• This energy is transferred to the electron to release it from a material (the work function) and the remaining amount is given as kinetic energy to the emitted photoelectron
• This equation is known as the?photoelectric equation:

E = hf =?Φ?+???mv2max

• Where:
  • h?=?Planck's constant?(J s)
  • f?= the frequency of the incident radiation (Hz)
  • Φ = the work function of the material (J)
  • ??mv2max?=?Ek(max)?= the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons (J)

   

• This equation demonstrates:
  • If the incident photons do not have a high enough frequency and energy to overcome the work function (Φ), then no electrons will be emitted
  • hf0?= Φ, where?f0?= threshold frequency, photoelectric emission only just occurs
  • Ek(max)?depends only on the frequency of the incident photon, and?not?the intensity of the radiation
  • The majority of photoelectrons will have kinetic energies?less than?Ek(max)

   

Graphical Representation of Work Function

• The photoelectric equation can be rearranged into the straight line equation:

y?=?mx + c

• Comparing this to the photoelectric equation:

Ek(max)?=?hf?- Φ

• ?A graph of maximum kinetic energy?Ek(max)?against frequency?f?can be obtained

• The key elements of the graph:
  • The work function Φ is the?y-intercept
  • The threshold frequency?f0?is the?x-intercept
  • The?gradient?is equal to Planck's constant?h
  • There are no electrons emitted below the threshold frequency?f0

   

Step 1:?Write out the photoelectric equation and rearrange to fit the equation of a

straight line

E = hf =?Φ + ??mv2max? ? ?????→? ??Ek(max)?= hf?- Φ

y?=?mx?+?c

Step 2:?Identify the threshold frequency from the x-axis of the graph

When?Ek?= 0,?f?=?f0

Therefore, the threshold frequency is?f0?= 4 × 1014?Hz

Step 3:?Calculate the work function

From the graph at?f0, ??mvmax2?= 0

Φ =?hf0?= (6.63 × 10-34) × (4 × 1014) = 2.652 × 10-19?J

Step 4:?Convert the work function into eV

1 eV = 1.6 × 10-19?J ??????????????? J → eV: divide by 1.6 × 10-19

Kinetic Energy & Intensity

• The?kinetic energy?of the photoelectrons is?independent of the intensity?of the incident radiation
• This is because?each electron can only absorb one photon
• Kinetic energy is only dependent on the?frequency?of the incident radiation
• Intensity is a measure of the number of photons incident on the surface of the metal
• So, increasing the number of electrons striking the metal will not increase the kinetic energy of the electrons, it will increase the?number?of photoelectrons emitted

Why the Kinetic Energy is a Maximum

• Each electron in the metal acquires the same amount of energy from the photons in the incident radiation
• However, the energy required to remove an electron from the metal varies because some electrons are on the surface whilst others are deeper in the metal
  • The photoelectrons with the maximum kinetic energy will be those on the?surface?of the metal since they do not require much energy to leave the metal
  • The photoelectrons with lower kinetic energy are those deeper within the metal since some of the energy absorbed from the photon is used to approach the metal surface (and overcome the work function)
  • There is less kinetic energy available for these photoelectrons once they have left the metal

   

Photoelectric Current

• The photoelectric current is the number of photoelectrons emitted per second
• Photoelectric current?is proportional to the?intensity?of the radiation incident on the surface of the metal
• This is because intensity is proportional to the number of photons striking the metal per second
• Since each photoelectron absorbs a single photon, the photoelectric current must be proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation

Graphs showing the variation of electron KE and photocurrent with the frequency of the incident light