全球青年物理學家錦標賽 IYPT 2022賽題翻譯！

自1988 年起，一年一度的全球青年物理學家錦標賽從一個蘇聯地方性俄語的學術活動逐漸成長為一個全球最大最具聲望的國際物理學術活動之一。2022年第35屆的IYPT學術活動17個賽題已公布，今天翻譯給大家。

1. Invent Yourself 自己發明

Create a non-invasive device that determines the direction of fluid flow inside an opaque pipe. Optimize your device so that you can measure the smallest flow possible.

設計一個可以確定不透明管道內液體流動方向的無損裝置。優化你的裝置以測得盡可能小的流量。

2.Rayleigh Disk 瑞利盤

A disk suspended vertically by a thin thread is placed in an acoustic field. This device can be used to measure the intensity of sound by turning about the axis of the thread. Investigate the accuracy of such a device.
一個圓盤由細線垂直懸掛在聲場中。該裝置可以通過改變細線所在的軸來測量聲音的強度。研究該裝置的精度。

3. Ring on the Rod 棒上環

A washer on a vertical steel rod may start spinning instead of simply sliding down. Study the motion of the washer and investigate what determines the terminal velocity.

墊圈在垂直放置的鋼棒上下滑時可能會發生旋轉，而不是簡單地向下滑動。研究墊圈的運動并探究決定最終速度的因素。

4. Unsinkable Disk 永不沉沒的圓盤

A metal disk with a hole at its centre sinks in a container filled with water. When a vertical water jet hits the centre of the disc, it may float on the water surface. Explain this phenomenon and investigate the relevant parameters.

將一個中心有孔的金屬圓盤沉入裝滿水的容器中。當一束水流垂直射向圓盤中心時，它可能會漂浮在水面上。解釋這一現象并研究相關參數對其的影響。

5. Bimetallic Oscillator 雙金屬振蕩器

A simple electric oscillator can be made using a bimetallic contact-breaker. Investigate the relevant parameters that affect the frequency of such an oscillator.

一個簡單的電子振蕩器可以用雙金屬接觸斷路器來制作。研究影響這種振蕩器頻率的相關參數。

6. Tennis Ball Tower 網球塔

Build a tower by stacking tennis balls using three balls per layer and a single ball on top. Investigate the structural limits and the stability of such a tower. How does the situation change when more than three balls per each layer and a suitable number of balls on the top layer are used?

通過每層三個網球、頂部一個網球的方式來堆疊建造一座塔。研究這種塔的結構限制和穩定性。當每層使用三個以上的球并且在頂層使用其它數量合適的球時，情況將如何變化？

7. Three-Sided Dice 圓柱形骰子

To land a coin on its side is often associated with the idea of a rare occurrence. What should be the physical and geometrical characteristics of a cylindrical dice so that it has the same probability to land on its side and one of its faces?

一枚硬幣落地時側面站立的情況通常是很罕見的。為了使一個圓柱形骰子落下時，立在它的側面和上下表面其中之一能有相同的概率，它應該具有怎樣的物理和幾何特征？

8. Equipotential Lines 等勢線

Place two electrodes into water, supply a safe voltage and use a voltmeter to determine electric potential at various locations. Investigate how the measured equipotential lines deviate from your expectations for different conditions and liquids.

將兩個電極放入水中，加一個安全的電壓，然后使用電壓表測定不同位置的電勢。研究測出的等勢線與你在不同條件和液體情況下的期望值之間的偏差情況。

9. Water Spiral 水螺旋

If a stream of liquid is launched through a small hole, then under certain conditions it twists into a spiral. Explain this phenomenon and investigate the conditions under which the spiral will twist.

如果一股液體從一個小孔中射出，那么在一定條件下，它會扭轉成螺旋狀。解釋這一現象，并研究扭轉成螺旋狀的條件。

10. Droplet Explosion 液滴爆炸

When a drop of a water mixture (e.g. water-alcohol) is deposited on the surface of a hydrophobic liquid (e.g. vegetable oil), the resulting drop may sometimes fragment into smaller droplets. Investigate the parameters that affect the fragmentation and the size of the final droplets.

當一滴液體混合物(例如水-乙醇)放置在疏水性液體(例如植物油)的表面時，最終液滴可能會碎成更小的液滴。研究影響碎裂和最終液滴大小的參數。

11. Balls on an Elastic Band 橡皮筋上的球

Connect two metal balls with an elastic band, then twist the elastic band and put the balls on a table. The balls will begin to spin in one direction, then in the other. Explain this phenomenon and investigate how the behaviour of such a "pendulum" depends on the relevant parameters.

用橡皮筋把兩個金屬球連接起來，然后扭動橡皮筋，將金屬球放在桌子上。球會開始朝一個方向旋轉，然后朝另一個方向旋轉。解釋這一現象，并研究這種“鐘擺”的行為如何取決于相關的參數。

12.Strange Motion 奇怪的運動

Sprinkle small floating particles on the surface of water in a bowl. Bring a strong magnet above and near to the water surface. Explain any observed motion of the particles.

在碗中的水面上撒上漂浮的小顆粒。在水面上方和附近放一塊強力磁鐵。解釋所觀察到的粒子運動的所有模式。

13. Candle Powered Turbine 蠟燭動力渦旋機

A paper spiral suspended above a candle starts to rotate. Optimise the setup for maximum torque.

懸掛在燃燒蠟燭上方的紙螺旋將會發生旋轉，優化設置以獲得最大扭矩。

14. Ball on Membrane 膜上球

When dropping a metal ball on a rubber membrane stretched over a plastic cup, a sound can be heard. Explain the origin of this sound and explore how its characteristics depend on relevant parameters.

將金屬球在塑料杯子上延展的橡膠薄膜上釋放時，可以聽到一種聲音。解釋這種聲音的來源，并探討其特征如何取決于相關參數。

15. Boycott Effect 抵制作用

If particles are suspended in a liquid that has a lower density than the particles, the particles will settle to the bottom of the container. The rate of settling can be affected by tilting the container that holds the liquid. Explain this phenomenon and investigate the effect of relevant parameters.

如果顆粒完全浸沒在密度低于該顆粒的液體中，顆粒就會沉降到容器底部。傾斜盛放液體的容器會影響沉降速率。解釋這一現象并研究相關參數的影響。

16. Saving Honey 拯救蜂蜜

When rotating a rod coated with a viscous liquid (e.g. honey), under certain conditions the liquid will stop draining. Investigate this phenomenon.

當旋轉一根涂有粘性液體（如蜂蜜）的棒時，在一定條件下，液體會停止流下，研究這一現象。

17. Invisibility 隱形

Lenticular lenses can be used to distort light and make objects disappear. Investigate how changing the properties of the lens and the geometry of the object affect the extent to which the object can be detected.

雙凸透鏡可以用來扭曲光線并達到使物體隱形的效果，研究改變透鏡的屬性和物體的幾何形狀會如何影響物體被檢測到的范圍。

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