備考攻略丨AP生物各章重點概念總結精析！

看完這篇各章重點概念總結精析，考前必會定義匯總，胸有成竹走上考場拿下5分！

Adaptation 適應性改變

Any inherited structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to produce offspring is called an adaptation.

Evolution 進化

The gradual change in a species through adaptations over time is evolution.

Growth 生長

Growth results in an increase in the amount of living meterial and the formation of new structures.

Reproduction 繁殖

One of the most obvious of all the characteristics of life is reproduction, the production of offspring.
Species 物種

A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature.
Stimulus 刺激

Anything in an organism’s external or internal environment that causes the organism to react is a stimulus.
Dependent variable 因變量

The condition that any changes in it depend on changes made to the independent variable is called dependent variable.
Independent variable 自變量

The condition in an experiment that is tested is the independent variable.
Ecology 生態學

Ecology is the study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment.
Ecosystem 生態系統

An ecosystem is made up of interacting populations in a biological community and the community’s abiotic factors.

Niche 小生境

A niche is all strategies and adaptations a species uses in its environment.
Autotroph 自養生物

An organism that uses light energy or energy stored in chamical compounds to make energy-rich compounds is a producer, or autotroph.

Heterotroph 異養生物

An organism that cannot make its own food and feeds on other organisms is called a heterotroph.
Food chain 食物鏈

A food chain is a simple model that species use to show how matter and energy move through an ecosystem. In a food chain, nutrients and energy move from autotrophs to heterotrophs and, eventually, to decomposers.

Limiting factor 限制因素

A limiting factor is any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of an organisms.
Tolerance 耐受性

The ability of an organism to withstand fluctuations in biotic and abiotic environmental factors is known as tolerance.

Primary succesion 原生演替

The colonization if barren land by communities of organisms is called primary succesion. 原生演替（?primary succession?）?在完全沒有植物的基礎上，如海洋上隆起的新島，火山的溶巖流，新形成的湖沼等地方因植物移居發生的演替。
Carrying capacity 環境容量

The number of organisms of one species that an environment can support indefinitely is its carrying capacity.

Exponential growth 指數增長

Exponential growth means that as a populetion get larger, it also grows at a faster rate.

Biodiversity 生物多樣性

Biodiversity refers to the variety of species in a specific area.

Endangered species 瀕危物種

A species is considered to be an endangered species when its numbers become so low that extinctions is possible.

Extinction 滅絕

Extinction is the disappearance of a species when the last of its members dies.

Diffusion 擴散

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Organelle 細胞器

With the development of better mocroscopes, scientists observed that all cells contain small, specialized structures called organelles, such as mitochondria, chloroplast and ribosme.

Nucleus 細胞核

The central membrane-bound organelle that manages or controls cellular functions is called the nucleus.

Plasma membrane 細胞質膜

Plasma membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environment, to allow a steady supply of these nutrients to come into the cell no matter what the external conditions are.

Selective permeability 選擇通透性

Selective permeability is a process in which a membrane allows some molecules to pass through while keeping others out.選擇透過性專指細胞膜上膜蛋白的選擇透過作用。如選擇K+和N+進入細胞膜

Phospholipid 磷脂

A phospholipid has a glyceral backbone, two fatty acid chains, and a pgosphate group.含有一個或多個磷酸基的脂質。是構成細胞膜的主要脂分子

Transport protein 轉運蛋白

Transport proteins move needed substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane.在葉綠體內膜上有很多運輸蛋白選擇性轉運出入葉綠體的分子。葉綠體內膜上所有轉運蛋白的運輸作用都是靠濃度梯度驅動的,而不是主動運輸。這不僅與細胞質膜的運輸蛋白不同,也與線粒體內膜的運輸系統不同,在線粒體內膜中也有主動運輸的轉運蛋白
Chloroplast 葉綠體

Chloroplasts are cell organelles that capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy.植物細胞中由雙層膜圍成，含有葉綠素能進行光合作用的細胞器。間質中懸浮有由膜囊構成的類囊體，內含葉綠體DNA。
Chlorophyll 葉綠素

Chlorophyll traps light energy and gives leaves and stems their green color.植物葉綠體內含有卟啉環的主要光合作用色素。可吸收光能用于光合作用
Chromatin 染色質

The master set of directions for making proteins is contained in chromatin, which are strands of the genetic naterial, DNA.間期細胞核中由DNA和組蛋白構成的染色物質

Endoplasmic reticulum 內質網

One particular organelle in a eukaryotic cell, the endoplasmic reticulum, is the site of cullular chemical reactions.

Mitochondria 線粒體

Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles in plant and animal cells that transform energy for the cell.

真核細胞中由雙層高度特化的單位膜圍成的細胞器。主要功能是通過氧化磷酸化作用合成ATP，為細胞各種生理活動提供能量。

Ribosome 核糖體

Ribosomes are the sites where the cell produces proteins according to the directions of DNA.

一切活細胞(真核細胞、原核細胞)中均有，它是進行蛋白質合成的重要細胞器，主要由RNA和蛋白質構成， 其惟一功能是按照mRNA的指令將氨基酸合成蛋白質多肽鏈，所以核糖體是細胞內蛋白質合成的分子機器。

Active transport 主動運輸

Movement of materials through a membrane against a concentration gradient is called active transport and requires energy from the cell.指物質逆濃度梯度，在載體的協助下，在能量的作用下運進或運出細胞膜的過程。Na+、K+和Ca2+等離子，都不能自由地通過磷脂雙分子層，它們從低濃度一側運輸到高濃度一側，需要載體蛋白的協助，同時還需要消耗細胞內化學反應所釋放的能量。

Passive transport 被動運輸

Some molecules can pass through the plasma membrane by simple diffusion. The cell uses no energy to move these particles; therefore, this movement of particles across the membrane is classified as passive transport簡單擴散①沿濃度梯度（或電化學梯度）擴散；②不需要提供能量；③沒有膜蛋白的協助。協助擴散faciliatied diffusion），其運輸特點是：?①比自由擴散轉運速率高；?②存在最大轉運速率；?在一定限度內運輸速率同物質濃度成正比。如超過一定限度，濃度再增加，運輸也不再增加。因膜上載體蛋白的結合位點已達飽和；?③有特異性，即與特定溶質結合。條件：對應所運輸物質的蛋白質，順濃度差。

MITOSIS 有絲分裂

A period of nuclear division. Contains prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase有紡錘體染色體出現，真核細胞的染色質凝集成染色體、復制的姐妹染色單體在紡錘絲的牽拉下分向兩極，從而產生兩個染色體數和遺傳性相同的子細胞核的一種細胞分裂類型。通常劃分為前期、中期、后期和末期。這種分裂方式普遍見于高等動植物,是真核細胞分裂產生體細胞的過程。

Photosynthesis 光合作用

The process that uses the sun’s energy to make simple sugars is called photosynthesis.

Electron transport chain 電子傳遞鏈

The highly energized, or excited, electrons which are transferred from the energy in the sunlight are passed from chlorophyll to an electron transport chain, a series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane.多種遞電子體或遞氫體按次序排列的連接情況。生物氧化過程中各物質氧化脫下的氫，大多由輔酶接受，這些還原性輔酶的氫在線粒體內膜上經一系列遞電子體(或遞氫體)形成的連鎖鏈，逐步傳送到氧分子而生成水。此種連鎖過程與細胞內呼吸過程密切相關。植物的葉綠體中則存在光合電子傳遞鏈以傳遞電子，完成光合作用中水分解出氧，形成NADPH的過程。

Cellular respiration 細胞呼吸

The process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP is called cellular respiration. There are 3 stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. The first stage, glycolysis, is anaerobic --- no oxygen is required. The last 2 stages are aerobic and require oxygen to be conpleted.

物質在細胞內的氧化分解。氧的消耗和二氧化碳、水及ATP）的生成，根本意義給機體提供可利用的能量。分為有氧呼吸和無氧呼吸

• 有氧呼吸場所：細胞質基質，線粒體

第一：葡萄糖再酶的作用下分解成丙酮酸和還原態的氫[H]和少量的氧氣不需要氧氣參與，細胞質基質中完成

第二：丙酮酸和水在酶的作用下生成CO2和[H]+少量能量不需要氧氣參與，在線粒體基質中完成的

第三（有氧呼吸的重點）：[H]和氧氣在酶的作用下產生了水，能量

這階段需要氧氣參與，在線粒體內膜上完成

• 無氧呼吸場所：細胞質基質

第一階段和有氧呼吸第一階段相同，葡萄糖在酶的作用下分解成丙酮酸和還原態的氫[H]和少量的氧氣，不需要氧氣參與，在細胞質基質中完成

1、產生乳酸的無氧呼吸方程式：C6H12O6=（酶）?2 C3H6O3(乳酸)+少量能量

即葡萄糖在酶的作用下生了乳酸和少量能量

2、產生酒精的無氧呼吸方程式:2 C6H12O6=(酶)2 C2H5OH(酒精)+2CO2 +少量能量

即葡萄糖在酶的作用下產生了酒精和二氧化碳

有氧呼吸遠大于無氧呼吸，無氧呼吸放出2個ATP

Glycolysis 糖酵解

Glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that break down glucose, a six-carbon compound, into two molecules of pyruvic acid, a three-carbon acid.

糖酵解是指在氧氣不足條件下，葡萄糖或糖原分解為乳酸的過程，此過程中伴有少量ATP的生成。這一過程是在細胞質中進行，不需要氧氣，每一反應步驟基本都由特異的酶催化