AS經(jīng)濟Essay滿分攻略：C3 政府干預

在微觀中，政府干預有三塊考點。首先是最高價（保護消費者）和最低價（保護生產(chǎn)者），其次是收稅與補貼，最后是轉(zhuǎn)移支付和私有化。

Max/min price

Frequently asked topicsExplain effective maximum/minimum priceExplain consequence of maximum/minimum priceDiscuss whether maximum/minimum price could help consumer/producer 大家都知道Maximum price會造成shortage，然而在短缺之后資源是怎么分配的呢？答案是黑市，先到先得，或者按生產(chǎn)者的喜好來分配。這也是為什么最高價往往并不能保護窮人的原因。Minimum price經(jīng)常被設置在農(nóng)產(chǎn)品上，這樣能保證食物供給，減少對進口的依賴。surplus的部分可以用來出口，或者被政府買下作為糧食的儲備。

Sample essays

13W2 With the help of a diagram(s), contrast the impact of a maximum price fixed below equilibrium market price with one that is fixed above it. [8]09S2 Explain, with the help of an example, the effects when a government introduces a maximum price for a good or service. [8]16S1 Discuss whether attempts to help poorer consumers through the introduction of a maximum price for necessities can ever be successful. [12] 12S3 (b) Discuss the effectiveness of government use of maximum and minimum prices to help consumers and producers. [12]

Tax and Subsidy

Frequently asked topicsExplain impact of indirect taxExplain impact of subsidyDiscuss methods to improve provision of merit/demerit goods Tax包括direct tax和indirect tax. Income tax是一種direct progressive tax; VAT 是一種indirect progressive tax.Tax可以用來解決demerit goods的問題，subsidy可以用來解決merit goods的問題。無論是稅收還是補貼，效果都取決于PED。政府還可以通過nudge （persuasion）來提高消費者的認知。到底哪種干預更好是本章的常見考題。

Sample essays

09W2 With the aid of a diagram, explain how a government subsidy to producers of fuel will affect the producers and government expenditure. [8]18S2 With the use of diagrams, explain how the price elasticity of demand for a product influences the incidence of an indirect tax on that product. [8]16W2 Discuss whether it is better to introduce an indirect tax or to adopt policies to improve consumers’ knowledge and understanding to deal with the problem of demerit goods. [12] 11S3 Discuss whether the payment of government subsidies to farmers is a beneficial policy.

Transfer payments and Privatisation

Frequently asked topicsExplain benefits and drawbacks of privatisation同學們需要掌握私有化的好處和壞處，作為A2下移的知識點去年的澳洲卷在data的最后一問出現(xiàn)了這個考題。