寫作：A-level,IB以及AP優異成績的地基

寫作是AP英語課程和考試的核心，在AP英語課程學習中，文章撰寫“過程”被認為需要通過思考、計劃、起草文章、然后回顧、討論、重新起草、編輯、潤色，最后才完成。

學會寫批判性或說明性的及時的文章需要時間和實踐。但這將會幫助學生發展成為有條理的，有邏輯的，清晰的，批判性的人，恰恰這也是藤校未來的人才所需具備的主要品質。?

考試形式

Format of Assessment

p I:?Multiple Choice: 52–55 Questions | 1 Hour | 45% of Exam Score? Includes excerpts from several non-fiction texts

? Each excerpt is accompanied by several multiple-choice questions

第一部分：單項選擇：52-55道題?|?1小時?|?占考試成績的45%

·包括幾篇非小說類（即非虛構）的文本片段

·每一段節選都附有幾個選擇題

p II:?Free Response: 3 Prompts | 2 Hours, 15 Minutes | 55% of Exam Score

• 15 minutes for reading source materials for the synthesisprompt (in the free-response p)
• 2 hours to write essay responses to the three free-response promptsPrompt TypesSynthesis: Students read several texts about a topic and create an argument that synthesizes at least three of the sources to support their thesis.Rhetorical Analysis: Students read a non-fiction text and analyze how the writer’s language choices contribute to his or her purpose and intended meaning for the text.Argument: Students create an evidence-based argument that responds to a given topic.

第二部分：寫作：3個題目?|?2小時15分鐘 |?占考試成績的55%

·寫作總時間是2小時15分鐘

·這包括15分鐘的閱讀時間給綜合性寫作的閱讀資料，這是為了給學生提供時間來開展思路，組織語言回答。

·剩余2小時完成對應三道寫作題目，考試建議每篇40分鐘完成。通常考生會在綜合閱讀期結束前開始答題。

寫作類型

綜合性寫作：學生閱讀幾段關于一個主題的文本，并創建一個論點，綜合至少三個來源來支持他們的論文。

修辭分析性寫作：學生閱讀非小說文本，并分析作者的語言選擇是如何有助于他文本的目的和意圖。

議論性寫作：學生創建一個基于證據的論點，以回應給定的主題。

Sample Multiple-Choice Question

范例

單項選擇題目范例

給出一篇短文，并要求根據這篇文章回答一組提示和問題。

Students are given a passage of writing and asked to respond to a set of prompts and questions based on the passage. Below is one example.

The primary rhetorical function of lines 14–22 is to

(A) provide support for a thesis supplied in lines 1–2

(B) provide evidence to contrast with that supplied in the first paragraph

(C) present a thesis that will be challenged in paragraph three

(D) introduce a series of generalizations that are supported in the last two paragraphs

(E) anticipate objections raised by the ideas presented in lines 12–14

Sample Free-Response Question

The following passage is from Rights of Man, a book written by the pamphleteerThomas Paine in 1791. Born in England, Paine was an intellectual, a revolutionary, and a supporter of American independence from England. Read the passage carefully. Then write an essay that examines the extent to which Paine’s characterization of America holds true today. Use appropriate evidence to support your argument.

If there is a country in the world, where concord, according to common calculation, would be least expected,
it is America. Made up, as it is, of people from different nations, accustomed to different forms and habits of government, speaking different languages, and more different in their modes of worship, it would appear that the union of such a people was impracticable; but by the simple operation of constructing government on the principles of society and the rights of man, every difficulty retires, and all the parts are brought into cordial unison.There, the poor are not oppressed, the rich are not privileged....Their taxes are few, because their government is just; and as there is nothing to render them wretched, there is nothing to engender riots and tumults.

以綜合性寫作為例，需要仔細閱讀六個閱讀材料，然后至少從三個素材中整合信息，完成一篇文章。

Eminent domain is the power governments have to acquire property from private owners for public use. The rationale behind eminent domain is that governments have greater legal authority over lands within their dominion than do private owners. Eminent domain has been instituted in one way or another throughout the world for hundreds of years.

征用權是指政府必須從私人所有者那里獲得財產以供公共使用的權力。征用土地背后的理由是政府對其內的土地擁有比私人所有者更大的法律權力。數百年來，世界各地都以這樣或那樣的方式建立了知名領域。

Carefully read the following six sources, including the introductory information for each source. Then synthesize material from at least three of the sources and incorporate it into a coherent, well-developed essay that defends, challenges, or qualifies the notion that eminent domain is productive and beneficial.

Your argument should be the focus of your essay. Use the sources to develop your argument and explain the reasoning for it. Avoid merely summarizing the sources. Indicate clearly which sources you are drawing from, whether through direct quotation, paraphrase, or summary. You may cite the sources as Source A, Source B, etc., or by using the descriptions in parentheses.

Source A (U.S. Department of Justice)

Source B (Carney)

Source C (Somin)

Source D (Porter)

Source E (cartoon)

Source F (Narciso)

每篇寫作評分范圍為0-9分，下圖為8分作文。

?對于考官給與的評論是：?

·有效地高質量的主張（effectively qualified claim）

·有充分的理由（offers well-reasoned）

·有效的討論素材內容（effective discussions of source）

·有令人信服的例子（provides a convincing example）?

·語言控制還需完善（language control not flawless）

從AP英語語言與寫作考試可以看出，寫作對于選擇AP課程的學生來說，其要求與難度都十分之高。在綜合性寫作，方面需要考生有良好的文化素養，需要擁有在人文，歷史，政治，科學等各個方面的儲備知識，并且有良好的閱讀能力以及信息篩選能力。在修辭分析性寫作方面，需要考生理解文章意圖，具備語言敏感性，并將或得到的信息通過轉換，用自己的觀點表達出來。而議論性寫作，更注重考生的思辨能力，需要具備大量的論點與論據去論證題目。當然高分獲得還需要有良好的語法，詞匯，文章結構等基礎上。

相比較而言，準備去上AP課程的孩子們準備好面對寫作了嗎？