Home » 國際課程 » IGCSE課程 » Details

IGCSE的2卷主觀題目考前總結(jié)和提示

Category: IGCSE課程, 國際課程 Date: 2018年5月28日下午2:58

今年的CAIE(原CIE）的IGCSE的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)2卷考試將來5月29日下午進(jìn)行。

我們再來分析一下明天下午主觀題目考試注意的地方。

數(shù)據(jù)題目基本是讀懂原文，按分?jǐn)?shù)點(diǎn)答題，對(duì)于2分的題目如果問的正好是兩點(diǎn)，就回答兩點(diǎn)。如果是4分題目問兩點(diǎn)，則需要對(duì)每一點(diǎn)在回答的基礎(chǔ)上做解釋。兩分的計(jì)算要給出計(jì)算過程才能拿滿分。以上題目大都是閱讀理解層面，如果能找到題目的基本信息，就能回答出正確答案，這一點(diǎn)有些像閱讀理解。數(shù)據(jù)題目的5分和6分的題目和后面的Section B的6選3的題目中6分和8分的題目回答方法類似，需要進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的分析。

Section B的6選3的題目包括2分、4分、6分和8分的題目，其中2分和4分的題目與前面的數(shù)據(jù)題目的2分和4分的題目回答方法相似，而其中6分和8分的題需要進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的分析。

6分題目，一般是要求從一邊論證，學(xué)生容易沒有話說。這時(shí)候想想定義，然后看看能不能分類展開論證，從幾個(gè)角度去論證。

8分題目，兩個(gè)Side分別論證，各為一段，每個(gè)段落要4句以上，只要把兩個(gè)side的論證，加一個(gè)conclusion說清楚就可以了。可以仔細(xì)讀mark scheme，閱卷時(shí)一定會(huì)按照Mark Scheme，閱卷老師會(huì)仔細(xì)看你的論證邏輯。英語水平對(duì)你的分析效果會(huì)影響很大，建議大家還是要提高英語表達(dá)能力。IG經(jīng)濟(jì)、A-Level和IB經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)別與AP經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的最大點(diǎn)，就在于它們要求學(xué)生有更高的系統(tǒng)分析和寫作能力！

? ? ? IG經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)針對(duì)AO1 Understanding，AO2 Application, AO3 Analysis, 對(duì)應(yīng)卷子必達(dá)題當(dāng)中2分-6分的題目，以及選答題中前2-3個(gè)小題。在答題時(shí)也有一定的技巧，參考評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)我們可以看到，有些題目問某個(gè)概念的兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)，或兩個(gè)原因，分值為4分，我們在做題時(shí)一定要注意對(duì)每個(gè)點(diǎn)的解釋，并且注意使用術(shù)語。下面的知識(shí)點(diǎn)大家要在考前在著重復(fù)習(xí)一下。

Section I The Basic Economic Problem

What is opportunity cost?

next best alternative foregone

Section II Allocation of resource

What are the reasons why the supply of a product may be price-inelastic?

It may take time to produce the product. this means that it will take time to adjust?supply in response to a change in price / example of a product that it takes time to?produce
It may not be possible to store the product. this means that it cannot be taken out of?storage when price rises / products cannot be put into storage when price falls
It may be costly to adjust supply e.g. it might be necessary to build new factories and?this may discourage firms from adjusting supply
The supply of a natural resource may become limited e.g. gold maybe close to?depletion

What are the causes of market failure?

Failure to take into account all costs and benefits/ external costs and benefits/ under-consumed/ underproduced/ over-consumption/ over-production
information failure
public goods are not produced in a market system
abuse of market power
lack of mobility of resource

Section III The individual as Producer, Consumer and Borrower

What are the function of money?

Store of value
Unit of account
Medium of exchange
Standard for deferred payment

What are the functions of the central bank?

Lender of last resort
Printing notes and minting coins
Setting interest rates
Supervising monetary policy
Banker for commercial banks and government
Manage international financial system

Define ‘stock exchange’

An organisation/ market for the sale and purchase of shares

What are the functions of trade unions?

Negotiating wages and other non-wage benefits
Defending employee rights and jobs
Improving pay and other benefits
Improving working conditions
Increase worker participation in business decisions
Develop skills of union members

Section IV The Private Firm as Producer and Employer

What are the economies of scale?

Financial economies
Technical economies
Risk-bearing economies
Marketing economies

What are the internal diseconomies of scale that a large firm may experience?

Difficulties controlling/ managing the firm/ managerial diseconomies as there are more layers of management in a large firm so ti may take longer to make decisions
communication problems as there are more layers of communication and communication may be indirect. messages may be misinterpreted and it takes time to reach recipients
labour diseconomies: workers may feel less appreciated/ have low morale so may become demotivated which could reduce labour productivity/ efficiency
poor industrial relations: there may be industrial action such as strikes

What are the advantages that firms may gain from a horizontal merger?

Take advantages of economies of scale, reduce average costs
Increased market share as a direct competitor is eliminated
exchange ideas and gain technology so that to increase innovation and produce with better quality

What are the advantages of a sole proprietor?

Profit incentive/all profits go to the sole proprietor, do not have to share with partners
and/or shareholders
Flexible as no one else to consult/quick to make decisions
Provides personal services/has personal contact with consumers (1) can pick up changes in
demand/target products
Low start up costs/easy to set up, eases entry into the market/limited legal requirements
Own boss, no-one to take orders from

What is multinational company?

a company that has its headquarters/is based in a country but produces in a number of countries

What are the characteristics of perfect competition?

many buyers and sellers, making each firm a price taker
free entry and exit, absence of barriers to entry and exit/ results in only normal profits being earned in the long run
homogeneous product, demand for one firm’s product will be perfectly elastic
perfect knowledge, firms and buyers aware of profits

Define ‘monopoly’

A market with one seller/ single supplier

A price maker/ a firm with market power/ dominant firm/ has barriers to entry

Section V Role of Government in an Economy

What are the aims of government?

ull employment
price stability
economic growth
redistribution of income
stability of balance of payment

What are the types of direct taxes?

income tax
corporation tax
capital gains tax
inheritance tax

What are the types of indirect taxes?

sale tax/ value added tax
excise duties
customs duties/ tariff
licences

How supply-side policy measures could increase productivity?

improved education/training, may raise workers’ skills, increase output per worker hour
privatisation may increase competitive pressure on firms to keep costs low, encourage more investment, and increase output per factor hour
reforming trade unions may reduce restrictive practices, this may allow firms to?use their workers more efficiently increase output per worker hour
cutting corporation tax may increase profit, increase investment and increase?output per factor hour
giving subsidies to encourage firms to invest in advanced technology, engage in?research and development and/or train workers

Section VI Economic Indicators

What are the types of unemployment?

Cyclical
Structural
Frictional
Seasonal/ Casual

What are the causes of inflation

demand-pull
cost-push
monetary

What are the indicators of living standards?

GDP per capita
HDI takes into account income, education and life expectancy

Section VII Developing and Developed Countries

What is absolute poverty?

A lack of access to basic necessities e.g. food/clothing/housing
Living on less than e.g. US$1.25 a day

What are the characteristics of a rapidly developing economy?

high increase in real GDP per head will increase living standards by investment
significant improvements in healthcare will increase life expectancy cause by increased spending on hospitals
significant improvements in education will raise workers skills
high proportion of workers employed in the tertiary sector . as countries develops, workers tent to move from primary and secondary sectors to the tertiary sector
low rates of population growth. as countries develop, the birth rate tends to fall faster than the death rate
high spending on luxury products
encouragement of MNCs to set up as it may reduce unemployment
more use of advanced technology due to more research and development and invest

Section VIII International Aspects

What are the benefits of specialisation?

A country can specialise in what it is best at producing/increase efficiency/increase?productivity so leading to higher output/higher income
A country can gain a good reputation in producing the product/produce a high quality?product, this may increase demand for the product

What is ‘balance of payments’

Record of economic transactions with other countries, which includes current account, capital account and financial account

What are the reasons why an economy may have a high foreign exchange rate?

a high demand for the currency. this may arise from e.g. good quality/lower price of?exports/speculation that the currency will rise in the future
a low supply of the currency due to, for instance, a low demand for imports/a low?level of investment abroad
government setting a high exchange rate by buying the currency/raising the?exchange rate

以上就是基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)部分的常考題目，在近三年的卷子當(dāng)中也被重復(fù)考察，希望大家認(rèn)真復(fù)習(xí)，牢牢拿住基礎(chǔ)部分分?jǐn)?shù)！

最后強(qiáng)調(diào)，主觀題目的試卷最重要的是分析，對(duì)于6分和8分的題目一定要進(jìn)行有邏輯的或者分類的分析。

祝大家明天下午考試成功！