Edexcel A Level Further Maths: Core Pure:復習筆記5.1.1 Volumes of Revolution

Category: A-level課程, 國際課程, 教材筆記, 福利干貨 Date: 2022年10月19日下午3:42

Volumes of revolution around the x-axis

What is a volume of revolution around the?x-axis??

A?solid?of?revolution?is formed when an?area bounded by a function?(and other boundary equations) is rotated 360° around the?x-axis
A?volume?of?revolution?is the volume of this solid formed

2dk4S6Oy_6-2-4-cie-fig1-vol-of-rev

Example of a solid of revolution that is formed by rotating the area bounded by the function ?, the lines ? and and the -axis ?about the -axis

How do I find the volume of revolution around the?x-axis??

To find the?volume?of?revolution created when the area bounded by the function , the lines ?and , and the?x-axis is rotated 360° about the?x-axis use the formula

The formula may look complicated or confusing at first due to the?y?and dx
- remember that?y?is a function of?x
- once the expression for?y?is substituted in, everything will be in terms of?x
π is a constant so you may see this written either inside or outside the integral
This is?not?given in the formulae booklet
- The formulae booklet does list the volume formulae for some common 3D solids – it may be possible to use these depending on what information about the solid is available

Where does the formula for the volume of revolution come from?

When you integrate to find the area under a curve you can see the formula by splitting the area into rectangles with small widths
- The same method works for volumes
Split the volume into cylinders with small widths
- The radius will be the?y?value
- The width will be a small interval along the?x-axis?δx
The volume can be approximated by the sum of the volumes of these cylinders

The limit as δx goes to zero can be found by integration - just like with areas

How do I solve problems involving volumes of revolution around the?x-axis??

Visualising?the solid created is helpful
- Try sketching some functions and their solids of revolution to help
?STEP 1?Square?y
- Do this first without worrying about π or the integration and limits
STEP 2?Identify the limits?a?and?b?(which could come from a graph)
STEP 3?Use the formula by evaluating the integral and multiplying by π
- The answer may be required in?exact form?(leave in terms of π)
  - If not, round to?three significant figures?(unless told otherwise)
Trickier questions may give you the volume and ask for the value of an unknown constant elsewhere in the problem

Exam Tip

To help remember the formula note that it is only ?- volume is 3D so you may have expected a cubic expression
- If rotating a?single?point?around the?x-axis a?circle?of radius would be formed
  - The?area of that circle would then be
  - Integration then adds up the areas of all circles between?a?and?b?creating the third dimension and?volume
    (In 2D, integration creates area by adding up lots of 1D lines)

Worked Example

Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed by rotating the region bounded by the graph of , the coordinate axes and the line ?radians around the χ-axis.? Give your answer as an exact multiple of .

5-1-1-edx-a-fm-we1-soltn

Volumes of revolution around the y-axis

What is a volume of revolution around the?y-axis??

A?solid?of?revolution?is formed when an?area bounded by a function?(and other boundary equations) is rotated 360° around the?y-axis
A?volume?of?revolution?is the volume of this solid formed

6-2-4-cie-fig3-vol-of-rev-y-axis

Example of a solid of revolution that is formed by rotating the area bounded by the function?, the lines ?and? and the -axis ?about the -axis

How do I find the volume of revolution around the?y-axis??

To find the?volume?of?revolution created when the area bounded by the function , the lines ?and , and the?y-axis is rotated 360° about the?y-axis use the formula

Note that although the function may be given in the form ?it will first need rewriting in the form
This is?not?given in the formulae booklet

How do I solve problems involving volumes of revolution around the?y-axis??

Visualising?the solid created is helpful
- Try sketching some functions and their solids of revolution to help

STEP 1 Rearrange into the form ?(if necessary)
- This is finding the?inverse?function
STEP 2?Square?x
- Do this first without worrying about π or the integration and limits
STEP 3?Identify the limits?c?and?d?(which could come from a graph)
STEP 4?Use the formula by evaluating the integral and multiplying by π
- The answer may be required in?exact form?(leave in terms of π)
  - If not, round to?three significant figures?(unless told otherwise)

Trickier questions may give you the volume and ask for the value of an unknown constant elsewhere in the problem

Exam Tip

Double check questions to ensure you are clear about which axis the rotation is around
Separating the rearranging of into ?and the squaring of?x?is important for maintaining accuracy
- In some cases it can seem as though?x?has been squared twice

Worked Example

Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed by rotating the region bounded by the graph of ?and the coordinate axes by radians around the -axis.? Give your answer to three significant figures.

5-1-1-edx-a-fm-we2-soltn

Volumes of Revolution using Parametric Equations

What is parametric volumes of revolution?

Solids?of?revolution?are formed by rotating functions about the?x-axis or the?y-axis
Here though, rather than given?y?in terms of?x, both?x?and?y?are given in terms of a parameter,?t
- Depending on the nature of the functions f and g it may not be convenient or possible to find?y?in terms of?x

How do I find volumes of revolution when x and y are given parametrically?

The aim is to replace everything in the ‘original’ integral so that it is in terms of?t
For the ‘original’ integral ??and parametric equations given in the form ?use the following process
STEP 1:?Find dx?or?dy?in terms of?t?and dt
STEP 2:?If necessary, change the limits from?x?values or?y?values to?t?values using
- ?
STEP 3:?Square?y?or?x
- ?
- Do this separately to avoid confusing when putting the integral together
STEP 4:?Set up the integral, so everything is now in terms of?t, simplify where possible and evaluate the integral to find the volume of revolution

(if around x-axis) or ?(if around?y-axis)

Exam Tip

Avoid the temptation to jump straight to STEP 4
- There could be a lot to change and simplify in exam style problems
- Doing each step carefully helps maintain high levels of accuracy

Worked Example

The curve?C?is defined parametrically by ?and .?C?is rotated 360° about the?x-axis between the values of ?and . Show that the volume of the solid of revolution generated by this rotation is ?cubic units where ?and ?are integers to be found.