• Within a plant,?mineral ions?are?dissolved in water?and transported in the?xylem?vessels
  • Mineral ions needed by plants include nitrates, phosphates, and potassium ions
• Plant roots?are responsible for the?uptake of both water and mineral ions
  • Root hair cells increase the available?surface area?for these processes
• The?uptake of water?is a?passive?process and occurs by osmosis as a result of?the active transport?of mineral ions?into root cells
  • Mineral ion uptake?raises the solute concentration, or?osmolarity?of the root cells, causing water?to move from an area of lower osmolarity?in the soil?to an area of higher osmolarity inside the root cells

Mineral ion uptake

• The soil surrounding root cells contains?low concentrations of mineral ions in relation to the root cell contents, so several mechanisms are required to maintain an adequate supply of mineral ions to roots
  • Mineral ions are?actively transported?into root cells by the action of?specific transporter proteins?in their cell surface membranes
    • These proteins are sometimes known as?protein pumps
    • Note that active transport acts?against a concentration gradient, so mineral ions are transported from an area of?relatively low concentration?in the soil to an area of?relatively high concentration?inside the root cells
  • The movement of water in the surrounding soil and into the spaces within the cell walls of the root cells?brings mineral ions into contact with their specific pump proteins
    • Note that this is?not?referring to the movement of water by osmosis, but to the flow of water that results e.g. when it rains and water flows through the soil
  • Some plants have a?mutualistic?relationship with soil fungi?in which the fungus grows on, and sometimes into, the roots of the plant; the fungi cells spread out into the surrounding soil and?absorbs mineral ions?that the plant’s roots may not be able to access, passing them on to the plant
    • In return the plant provides the fungus with sugars

• Plants transport water from roots to leaves?to replace losses from transpiration
• Water needs to move across the root, up the stem, and across the leaves

Water movement across the root

• There is more than one pathway that water and dissolved minerals can take as they move across the central region of the root, known as the root?cortex
  • Apoplastic,?or?apoplast, pathway?
    • This involves the series of?spaces?running through the?cellulose cell walls?of the root cells
      • The water does not move by osmosis here as there are no cell membranes to cross
    • The movement of water through the apoplast pathway occurs?rapidly?
    • When the water reaches the layer of cells that surrounds the vascular tissue in the centre of the root, it encounters a waterproof layer called the?casparian strip?which forces the water out of the cell walls and into the interiors of the cells
      • This forces the water to pass?through the plant cell membranes?and so?increases the control?that the plant has over substances entering its cells
  • Symplastic,?or?symplast, pathway?
    • This involves the?cytoplasm?of the cells
    • The water moves by?osmosis?into and out of the cells
    • The movement of water in the symplast pathway is?slower?than the apoplast pathway
    • Less water?travels by the symplast pathway than by the apoplast pathway
    • Water that encounters the casparian strip is forced out of the apoplast pathway and?into the symplast pathway

Water can move across the root to the xylem by the apoplast or symplast pathways. Note that the layer of cells surrounding the vascular tissue that contains the casparian strip is labelled here as the endodermis.

Movement of water across the leaves

• As transpiration occurs at the stomata,?water vapour is removed from air spaces?surrounding the leaf cells, creating a water vapour?concentration gradient?between the air spaces and nearby cells
• The water within the cell walls of the leaf cells lining the air spaces?evaporates?into the air spaces, generating?transpiration pull?that draws water into these cells from neighbouring cells
  • Transpiration pull occurs because of?cohesive forces?between water molecules
• This transpiration pull results in?water moving across the leaves?from the xylem towards the stomata
  • Water moving across the leaf can move via either the apoplast or symplast pathways

Water moves across a leaf from the xylem to the stomata due to transpiration pull.? Note that some water enters the leaf cells to be used in photosynthesis.

Water movement up the stem

• Water moves up the stem in the xylem vessels?to replace the water that is lost at the leaves by transpiration
  • The transpiration pull generated in the leaves?is transmitted down the xylem?due to the?forces of cohesion and adhesion?acting on water molecules
• The evaporation of water vapour from the leaves together with the cohesive and adhesive properties exhibited by water molecules result in water being?continuously drawn up through xylem vessels?within the plant

The loss of water vapour from the leaves of plants by transpiration results in a transpiration pull that causes water to move upwards through the xylem vessels of the plant