• In all kingdoms of life,?gene expression can be regulated?after an mRNA transcript has been produced
• Post-transcriptional modification of mRNA
  • Helps?prevent degradation
    • mRNA is single stranded and therefore,?inherently unstable
  • Increases the?efficiency?of protein synthesis
  • In eukaryotes, expands the complexity of the?proteome
• Prokaryotic mRNA does not require any significant post-transcriptional modification as?translation can occur immediately?which prevents degradation of the mRNA
• In eukaryotes, transcription and translation occur in?separate parts of the cell, allowing for significant post-transcriptional modification to occur
• In eukaryotes, the immediate product of an mRNA transcript is called?pre-mRNA?which needs to be modified to form?mature mRNA
• Three?post-transcriptional events must occur
  1. A?methylated cap?is added to the 5' end to protect against degradation by exonucleases
  2. A?poly-A tail?(long chain of adenine nucleotides) is added to the 3' end for further protection and to help the transcript exit the nucleus
  3. Non-coding sequences are removed?through?mRNA splicing

• Eukaryotic genes contain both?coding?and?non-coding sequences?of DNA
  • Coding sequences are called?exons
  • Non-coding sequences are called?introns
• During transcription?the whole gene is transcribed?including all introns and exons
  • Introns are not translated?as they do not code for amino acids and?need to be removed
• Before the pre-mRNA exits the nucleus,?splicing?occurs, during which
  • Introns (non-coding sections) are removed
  • Exons (coding sections) are joined together
  • The resulting?mature mRNA molecule contains only exons and exits the nucleus before joining a ribosome for translation

The RNA molecule (known as pre-mRNA) produced from the transcription of a gene contains introns that must be removed (to form mature mRNA) before translation can occur

Alternative splicing

• The exons (coding regions) of genes can be spliced in many different ways to produce?different mature mRNA molecules?through alternative splicing
• A particular exon may or may not be incorporated into the final mature mRNA
• Polypeptides translated from alternatively spliced mRNAs may?differ in their amino acid sequence, structure and function
• This means that a?single eukaryotic gene can code for multiple proteins
• This is part of the reason why the?proteome is much bigger than the genome

Image showing the alternative splicing of a gene to produce two different proteins