What is Newton’s First Law of Motion (N1L)?

• An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object moving with constant?velocity?will continue to move with constant velocity, unless an unbalanced force acts on the object
• This law is explored more in?1.1 Equilibrium in 1D?and?3.1.2 Equilibrium in 2D?but has been included here for completeness

What is Newton’s Second Law of Motion (N2L)?

• The?resultant?force?(Fnet) acting on a body is equal to the product of the?mass?of the body and its?acceleration
  • F = ma
    • F?is the resultant force (N)
    • m?is the mass (kg)
    • a?is the acceleration (m s-2)
• This will probably be the most familiar of Newton’s Laws of Motion as it has an equation (F = ma) that you will use frequently in mechanics problems.

What is Newton’s Third Law of Motion (N3L)?

• For two bodies, the force exerted on the second by the first is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the force exerted on the first body by the second
• This is sometimes loosely referred to as “for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction”

When do I use?F = ma?(Newton’s Second Law or N2L)?

• Use it to?set?up?and?solve?equations when?motion?is involved
• Some related equations may come from the?constant?acceleration?equations?(‘suvat’) but?F= ma?is needed when?force(s)?and?mass?are mentioned or involved (neither force nor mass are involved in the ‘suvat’ equations)
• If not asked directly in a question it will be implied by the information given –?motion?and?acceleration?will be involved and the?mass?of the particle will be relevant too

How do I solve problems using?F = ma(N2L) and the ‘suvat’ equations?

• F = ma?can be used in conjunction with the ‘suvat’ equations – the linking connection is?acceleration?(a)
• ‘suvat’ only questions will not involve?mass?or (resultant)?force
• Step 1.?Draw?a?diagram?and label all forces acting on the particle(s)
  • label the positive direction and any other useful information
  • If a diagram is given, add anything missing to it
• Step 2. Use N2L,?F = ma?, or an appropriate ‘suvat’ equation.
  • If there is more than one particle involved you may have to do this for each
• Step 3. Solve the equation
  • In harder problems simultaneous equations may arise.

How do we deal with forces acting in different directions on a particle in motion?

• At?AS?level, if?forces?are acting in different directions, those directions will be?perpendicular?to one another
  • Thus nearly all questions at AS level involve forces acting horizontally (x?- direction) and/or vertically (y?-direction)
• In such cases we apply N2L (F = ma) and ‘suvat’ equations separately to both directions

How do we use?F = ma?in problems involving weight?

• Weight?is a?force
  • W = mg?N where?g?m s-2?is the?acceleration?due to?gravity
    • If you are told, or are using?g?=?9.8?m s-2?ensure you?round?your?final?answer?to?two?significant?figures?(as 9.8 is rounded to 2 s. f.)
    • If you are told to use?g =?10?m s-2?ensure you?round?your?final?answer?to?one?significant?figure?(as 10 is rounded to 1 s. f.)
  • Weight always acts?vertically?downwards?(towards earth)
  • If?upwards?is the?positive?direction?(and assuming no other vertical forces are involved) then?acceleration?would be negative,?a?= -9.8 m s-2

(a)? Find the acceleration of the train engine.

(b)? Find the resultant force acting on the train engine.

(c)? Given that the (only) driving force is 6250 N, find the total of any resistive forces acting on the train engine.