【IGCSE經濟】Speaking about Economic Systems

剛剛進入IGCSE經濟的學習同學們一定有很多困惑。

今天我們就來講一講經濟學的Economic system中的planned economy與其優缺點（考試中經常會出現的問題！?。?。

Definition:An economic system describes the way in which an economy is organised and run,including alternative views of how resources are best allocated.

簡單來說就是如何回答三個基本經濟問題來解決資源稀缺的問題：What to produce?How should we produce? For whom should we produce?

首先是PlannedEconomy計劃經濟：Planned Economy emphasizes on centralisation資源公有化。

一切資源都由中央政府管轄分配。

但是有一點，pure planned economy does not exist in the real life.

Governmentand organisations are responsible for:

· 資源分配The allocation of resources

· 收入分布 The distribution of incomeand wages

· 長期經濟發展 Long-run Economic growth

· 生產目標 Production Targets

Advantagesof Planned Economy:

Nounemployment: Under a planned economy, unemployment is not an issue.

因為一切資源都是中央政府分配，所以每個人都會被分配到一個工作，所以在計劃經濟中失業并不是一個問題。

Economics of scale: Benefits gained from falling long run average costs as the scale of output increases.

計劃經濟。

許多同學可能對計劃經濟不明覺厲，其實它指的就是隨著公司的擴大平均成本降低而達到更高的收益與利潤。

在計劃經濟中政府運行的都是大型企業，比如說國家電網公司或者郵政公司，還有壟斷企業等等。

Prevent Wastage: The country would only provide goods and services that is necessary for people’s living(只生產必需品工人們基本生活),there is no competition therefore less wastage would be provided.

Social Equality: 社會平等性。

由于一切資源，工作，收入等等都是中央分配，所以說每個人都分會被配到一樣的必需品（受教育的權利，接受醫療條件的權力與就業情況等等）。

A planned economic system enables basic needs to be met for everyone in society.

Employment of resources: 對于資源的分配政府可以有效地利用現有資源安排factors of production（land, labour,capital and enterprise）,保證每一個factor都被充分利用。

Thus, fullemployment of resource can be maintained and economic growth can be planned.

Disadvantages:

Lack of freedom and choices: Because the central government just offer necessities that are sufficient for consumers to live, the choices of goods and servicesare very limited.

因為一切物品都有國家來生產銷售，銷售的物品之間沒有競爭，所銷售的物品也只是必需品，缺乏多樣性，所以說消費者沒有選擇余地。

The samesituation also applied to the choice of careers(people do not have freedom tochoose their own job because all the resources are allocated by the centralgovernment).

還有，一般在計劃經濟中的國家自給自足，限制進口與出口貿易，所以這也是物品缺乏多樣的一個原因。

Lack of incentives: Due to the control by the central government and centralproduction, everything is allocated equally.

Hence there is no competition between the companies and extreme low revenue and profit discourage the firms to be innovative and they have got no incentive to produce goods and services in a higher quality.

沒有動力生產更高質量的物品與服務，這種情況會限制人們的生活水準，甚至倒退。

Queuing：Because of the limited production of central government and the lack of incentives to produce,basic food stuffs like bread and meat are in excess demand relative to supply.

簡單來說就是供不應。

中央政府的生產力有限，生產者因為價格限制上漲的原因沒有動力生產，然而每個人都對必需品有需求，所以人們買東西時都要”排隊”購買。

Queuing becomes away of life.

最后的最后，務必記住pure planned economy現實生活中并不存在，它只是理論上的一種經濟體系??！