“美國當(dāng)局考慮進一步收緊中國留學(xué)生簽證審批。真是個餿主意!”
——美國達特茅斯學(xué)院的校長和該校塔克商學(xué)院院長援引多項研究的數(shù)據(jù),力證中國留學(xué)生有助美國創(chuàng)新。
達特茅斯學(xué)院校友會微信群就美國政府可能限制中國公民赴美留學(xué)的消息展開了激烈討論。這樣的限令將損害美國高等教育。更重要的是,這可能削弱整個美國的經(jīng)濟創(chuàng)新能力。
海外學(xué)生之所以選擇赴美留學(xué),常常是希望在美國世界一流的院校學(xué)到知識,提升自己,并在美國開創(chuàng)一番事業(yè)。考夫曼基金會(The Kauffman Foundation)的一項研究表明,2006年至2012年期間成立的全新高科技公司中,由移民創(chuàng)建的公司占比達到25%。截至2008年,移民在美國企業(yè)家總?cè)藬?shù)中的占比已經(jīng)從1995年的16.7%升至27.1%。自2001年以來,來自中國的移民是對這一增長趨勢貢獻最大的人群之一。研究表明,與擁有相似教育背景的本土美國人或其他類型的移民相比,持學(xué)生簽證來到美國的移民創(chuàng)辦企業(yè)的可能性更高。學(xué)生簽證移民的工資收入更高、獲得的專利數(shù)量更多,商業(yè)化的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造數(shù)量也更多。
中國留學(xué)生在美國創(chuàng)新領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮的重要作用在科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程和數(shù)學(xué)界 (STEM)愈發(fā)明顯。在美國的STEM項目中,中國留學(xué)生往往比其他國家的留學(xué)生更能出成果。針對美國161個化學(xué)院系的1.6萬名在讀博士生的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn),中國留學(xué)生的論文數(shù)量和質(zhì)量均高于其他國家留學(xué)生——與他們獲得了赫赫有名的美國國家科學(xué)基金會獎學(xué)金的美國同學(xué)不相上下。
大多數(shù)中國STEM專業(yè)的畢業(yè)生不想將自己的技術(shù)帶回國。2012年至2015年期間,在美國獲得理工科博士學(xué)位的中國留學(xué)生中,有83%的人表示計劃留在美國。這一比率幾乎高于其他任何國家。例如,只有約一半的德國籍博士學(xué)位獲得者希望留在美國。
在獲得STEM學(xué)位之后數(shù)年,中國學(xué)生留在美國的概率也遠高于其他國家。2005年在美國獲得理工科博士學(xué)位的外國留學(xué)生中,有90%的中國留學(xué)生10年后仍然留在美國,為所有國家中比率最高的。歐洲和南美的這一比率分別為65%和50%。2015年在美國擁有理工科博士學(xué)位的46.4萬名海外出生留學(xué)生中,中國學(xué)生占比達到22.4%,高于其他任何國家。
如果美國決定將其拒之門外,這些海外學(xué)生并不會停止成為創(chuàng)新者,只不過他們將不會成為美國的創(chuàng)新者。這將是美國在新理念、新企業(yè)和新就業(yè)等方面的損失,但卻會令世界其他國家受益。為什么用人之際要向如此大量的出色創(chuàng)新人才關(guān)上大門呢?

The Dartmouth alumni WeChat group is buzzing with the recent news that the U.S. government may ban Chinese citizens from attending American colleges. Such a ban would damage American higher education. More important, it would dampen the country’s capacity for economic innovation.
Foreign students often choose to study in the U.S. because they aim to apply here what they learn at our world-class schools. A Kauffman Foundation study found that immigrants accounted for 25% of all new high-tech companies founded from 2006 through 2012. The immigrant share of all U.S. entrepreneurs rose from 16.7% in 1995 to 27.1% in 2008. Since 2001, immigrants from China have played one of the largest roles in this increase. Research has shown that immigrants who come on a student visa are likelier to start a company than either native-born Americans with similar education or other immigrants. Student-visa immigrants earn higher wages, receive more patents and commercialize more inventions.
The outsize and growing role of Chinese students in American innovation is especially evident in science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Chinese students in U.S. STEM programs are often more productive than students from other countries. One study of 16,000 doctoral candidates in 161 U.S. chemistry departments found that Chinese students wrote more and better papers than other international students—on par with their U.S. classmates who had been awarded prestigious National Science Foundation fellowships.
Most Chinese STEM graduates don’t want to take their skills back. Between 2012 and 2015, 83% of Chinese students who completed doctorates in science or engineering in the U.S. reported plans to stay in the country. That’s a much higher rate than from almost any other country. Only about half of German doctorate recipients, for instance, want to stay.
In the years beyond earning their STEM degrees, Chinese students are much likelier to remain. Among foreign-born students who received science and engineering doctorates in America in 2005, 90% of those from China were still in the U.S. a decade later, the highest rate of any country. The figures for Europe and South America were 65% and 50%, respectively. And of the 464,000 foreign-born holders of science and engineering doctorates in the U.S. in 2015, China accounted for 22.4%, more than any other country.
Foreign-born students won’t stop being innovators if the U.S. decides to keep them out. They will stop being innovators in America. America’s loss—of new ideas, new companies, new jobs—would be the rest of the world’s gain. Why close the door to so many great innovators when we need them?
Mr. Hanlon is president of Dartmouth College. Mr. Slaughter is dean of its Tuck School of Business.
律師支招:有條件的家長在送孩子出國前,請預(yù)先考慮一個問題:無論花費多少錢,還是上名校,讀“牛”專業(yè)……針對美國而言,國際學(xué)生(F1簽證)最終會在走與留之間徘徊。給孩子多一條選擇,更為自己多一個環(huán)境。最終讓孩子拿著綠卡去上學(xué),而非“留學(xué)”。移民不移國,何樂而不為?
美國蔣百庚律師事務(wù)所中美兩國首創(chuàng)EB1全家拿美國永久綠卡,先成功后付費。無風(fēng)險開啟國人全家赴美拿綠卡新篇章。擔(dān)心自己的能力得不到美國的認可,總是自我設(shè)限,拿自己跟“張藝謀,姚明……”等杰出人才做對比,擔(dān)心無法通過移民資格I-140,其實大可不必擔(dān)心。EB-1的移民申請方式具有個性化、人性化的特征,只要符合一定的條件,就可以申請,切莫盲目“聽說”與自我設(shè)限。
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