天花(small pox)是由天花病毒感染人引起的一種烈性傳染病。 天花是最古老也是死亡率最高的傳染病之一,從埃及法老的時代開始,天花病毒就在人類世界里肆虐,感染者們罹受發熱和其他類似流感癥狀的折磨后,開始出現膿皰皮疹的癥狀,它殺死三分之一的感染者,使余下的幸存者們毀容甚至失明。
根據統計,曾有3億人口死在了天花病毒的手上,如果不是因為18世紀70年代的英國醫生愛德華-琴納(Edward Jenner)發現了牛痘具有抵抗天花病毒的功能,或許至今我們人類仍處于天花病毒所制造的災難之中。琴納醫生通過觀察在農場工作的擠奶女工, 發現這些姑娘在長期與牛打交道的過程中,因感染上牛痘而具有抵抗天花的防疫力了,在經過無數次的實踐之后,終于證明天花可以用種牛痘來預防,種痘在歐洲迅速的流傳開來。在拉丁語中,牛叫Vacca, 牛痘叫Vaccina, 因此琴納把通過接種牛痘來獲得天花免疫力的方法叫Vaccination
(Related biology knowledge)
Small pox?(eradicated): caused by Variola virus
Vaccination: is giving a vaccine containing antigens for a disease, either by injection or by mouth; vaccination confers artificial immunity
Artificial immunity: is immunity gained either by vaccination(active) or by injecting antibodies(passive).
唐納德亨德森(Donald Henderson)是一名美國流行病學家,在在1960到70年代,他從美國疾病控制與預防中心被借調到世衛組織十年之久,指揮一小隊公共衛生官員們和一大批實地工作者們,為消滅天花病毒這項不亞于醫療登月的偉大行動而努力。
暢銷書作家理查德·普萊斯頓(Richard Preston)曾說:“很公平地講,我認為根除天花就是醫學歷史上最偉大的成就,沒有之一。
這場戰役總共花費了大約3億美元,世界衛生組織(WHO)采用了一種環狀接種策略(ring vaccination),首先定位天花患者,隔離他們,為所有與其接觸過的人接種疫苗,然后再再對與這些人接觸過的所有其他人接種疫苗。
天花戰役的勝利也同時得益于其有效的疫苗,它被設計為一種可以抵御高溫,方便攜帶的凍干形態,同時接種時使用的分叉針頭也讓非專業人員可以輕松使用,感染癥狀(symptoms)非常好辨認, 并且天花沒有動物天花病的天性也為這項行動提供了優勢:病人的瘡使感染者很好辨認,而且天花病毒不會感染動物(easier to break of transmission cycle)。
一名索馬里人(Ali Maow Maalin)在1977年感染天花,并被認定為世界上最后一個自然感染天花病的人。在他感染的三年后,世界衛生大會宣布天花已被根除。

(Related biology knowledge)
How the eradication programme succeeded?
The variola virus was stable; it did not mutate and change its surface antigens.?This meant that the same vaccine could be used everywhere in the world throughout the campaign. It was therefore cheap to produce.
The vaccine was made from a harmless strain, as a ‘live vaccine’
The vaccine was freeze-dried?and could be kept at high temperatures for as long as six months. This made it suitable for use in the tropics.
Infected people were easy to identify.
The vaccine was easy to administer, ‘bifurcated needle’ had two prongs, which were used to push the vaccine into the skin.
The smallpox virus did not linger in the body after an infection to become active later and form a reservoir of infection.
The virus did not infect animals, which made it easier to break the transmission cycle.
Many 16- to 17-year-olds became enthusiastic vaccinators and suppliers of information about cases; this was especially valuable in remote areas.

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