天花(small pox)是由天花病毒感染人引起的一種烈性傳染病。 天花是最古老也是死亡率最高的傳染病之一,從埃及法老的時(shí)代開(kāi)始,天花病毒就在人類世界里肆虐,感染者們罹受發(fā)熱和其他類似流感癥狀的折磨后,開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)膿皰皮疹的癥狀,它殺死三分之一的感染者,使余下的幸存者們毀容甚至失明。
根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),曾有3億人口死在了天花病毒的手上,如果不是因?yàn)?8世紀(jì)70年代的英國(guó)醫(yī)生愛(ài)德華-琴納(Edward Jenner)發(fā)現(xiàn)了牛痘具有抵抗天花病毒的功能,或許至今我們?nèi)祟惾蕴幱谔旎ú《舅圃斓臑?zāi)難之中。琴納醫(yī)生通過(guò)觀察在農(nóng)場(chǎng)工作的擠奶女工, 發(fā)現(xiàn)這些姑娘在長(zhǎng)期與牛打交道的過(guò)程中,因感染上牛痘而具有抵抗天花的防疫力了,在經(jīng)過(guò)無(wú)數(shù)次的實(shí)踐之后,終于證明天花可以用種牛痘來(lái)預(yù)防,種痘在歐洲迅速的流傳開(kāi)來(lái)。在拉丁語(yǔ)中,牛叫Vacca, 牛痘叫Vaccina, 因此琴納把通過(guò)接種牛痘來(lái)獲得天花免疫力的方法叫Vaccination
(Related biology knowledge)
Small pox?(eradicated): caused by Variola virus
Vaccination: is giving a vaccine containing antigens for a disease, either by injection or by mouth; vaccination confers artificial immunity
Artificial immunity: is immunity gained either by vaccination(active) or by injecting antibodies(passive).
唐納德亨德森(Donald Henderson)是一名美國(guó)流行病學(xué)家,在在1960到70年代,他從美國(guó)疾病控制與預(yù)防中心被借調(diào)到世衛(wèi)組織十年之久,指揮一小隊(duì)公共衛(wèi)生官員們和一大批實(shí)地工作者們,為消滅天花病毒這項(xiàng)不亞于醫(yī)療登月的偉大行動(dòng)而努力。
暢銷書(shū)作家理查德·普萊斯頓(Richard Preston)曾說(shuō):“很公平地講,我認(rèn)為根除天花就是醫(yī)學(xué)歷史上最偉大的成就,沒(méi)有之一。
這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)役總共花費(fèi)了大約3億美元,世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)采用了一種環(huán)狀接種策略(ring vaccination),首先定位天花患者,隔離他們,為所有與其接觸過(guò)的人接種疫苗,然后再再對(duì)與這些人接觸過(guò)的所有其他人接種疫苗。
天花戰(zhàn)役的勝利也同時(shí)得益于其有效的疫苗,它被設(shè)計(jì)為一種可以抵御高溫,方便攜帶的凍干形態(tài),同時(shí)接種時(shí)使用的分叉針頭也讓非專業(yè)人員可以輕松使用,感染癥狀(symptoms)非常好辨認(rèn), 并且天花沒(méi)有動(dòng)物天花病的天性也為這項(xiàng)行動(dòng)提供了優(yōu)勢(shì):病人的瘡使感染者很好辨認(rèn),而且天花病毒不會(huì)感染動(dòng)物(easier to break of transmission cycle)。
一名索馬里人(Ali Maow Maalin)在1977年感染天花,并被認(rèn)定為世界上最后一個(gè)自然感染天花病的人。在他感染的三年后,世界衛(wèi)生大會(huì)宣布天花已被根除。

(Related biology knowledge)
How the eradication programme succeeded?
The variola virus was stable; it did not mutate and change its surface antigens.?This meant that the same vaccine could be used everywhere in the world throughout the campaign. It was therefore cheap to produce.
The vaccine was made from a harmless strain, as a ‘live vaccine’
The vaccine was freeze-dried?and could be kept at high temperatures for as long as six months. This made it suitable for use in the tropics.
Infected people were easy to identify.
The vaccine was easy to administer, ‘bifurcated needle’ had two prongs, which were used to push the vaccine into the skin.
The smallpox virus did not linger in the body after an infection to become active later and form a reservoir of infection.
The virus did not infect animals, which made it easier to break the transmission cycle.
Many 16- to 17-year-olds became enthusiastic vaccinators and suppliers of information about cases; this was especially valuable in remote areas.
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