牛津劍橋學生一半以上來自8所中學，英國高校如何應對階層固化？ | 雙語閱讀

教育研究機構SuttonTrust的一份報告，揭示了英國牛津大學和劍橋大學的招生“偏好”。英國上千所學校中，有8所頂尖高中為牛劍輸送了一半以上的新生。精英教育和階層固化，是否會損害到教育公平？這對中國高校的教育發展又有何啟示呢？

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1A study examined Oxford and Cambridge admissions data between 2015 and 2017 and found a handful of schools, mostly private, disproportionately dominating the number of places awarded.

一項研究調查了牛津大學和劍橋大學2015到2017年的錄取數據，發現少量學校，主要是私立校，占據了不成比例的大量錄取名額。

Over a three-year period the eight leading schools – which are mainly in the independent sector – sent 1,310 of their students to?Oxbridge, while 2,900 schools, each with two or fewer acceptances, sent 1,220 pupils in total. The figures also highlighted vast geographical discrepancies in acceptance rates.

三年的時間里，這八所頂尖的學校——大多數是私立校——向牛津、劍橋輸送了1310名學生；而其他2900所學校一共輸送了1220名學生，其中每個學校錄取人數都不多于兩名。這些數據也顯示了錄取率上存在的巨大的地域差異。

The report shows the imbalance in admissions:

7% of all UK pupils attend private schools； 18% of those taking A-levels are at private school；34% of Oxbridge applications are from private school； 42% of Oxbridge places go to private school pupils.

這個報告展現了錄取的不平衡：7%的英國學生進入私立學校；18%參加A-level考試的學生就讀于私立學校；申請牛劍的學生中，34%來自私立學校；牛劍錄取的學生中，42%是私立校學生。

In its report, the charity highlighted practices at some of these schools, which are giving students a leg up on their peers. At Eton, where pupils have access to a dedicated universities officer and the school’s own internal higher education guide, between 60 and 100 boys are sent to Oxford or Cambridge each year.

在報告中，調查機構著重強調了這些學校采取了何種舉措，以助學生一臂之力。在伊頓公學，學生們有機會見到大學的專職人員，也有機會獲得學校內部高等教育的指導。每年，他們當中有60到100個男生會被送到牛津或者劍橋。

2Natalie Perera, head of research at think tank the Education Policy Institute, criticised top universities over the findings, calling on them to do more to tackle “inequality of access”.

智庫教育政策研究所的研究負責人Natalie Perera基于這些發現，批評了這些頂尖大學，呼吁他們做出更多努力來解決“機會不平等”。

“Today’s report confirms that the most elite universities, particularly Oxbridge, need to do far more to attract and admit students from disadvantaged backgrounds,” she said.

“如今的報告證明，這些最精英的大學，尤其是牛劍，在吸引和錄取來自劣勢背景的學生方面需要做的太多了。”

“Even when you take exam results into account, these students are still under-represented. We know that the type of university and qualification can make a difference to earnings later in life – so tackling this inequality of access is vital.”

“就算加上考試成績這個因素，這些學生也沒有得到充分代表。我們知道，大學和學歷的類型對往后人生的收入有很大影響——所以解決這種機會不平等是非常重要的。”

Education secretary Damian Hinds called on universities to work with the government to help make access to higher education easier for students from a wider range of backgrounds. “Whilst potential and talent is evenly spread, the opportunities to make the most of it sometimes aren’t,” Mr Hinds said.

教育大臣達米安·海因茲呼吁高校與政府一道，讓來自更廣泛背景的學生更容易接受到高等教育。“雖然潛力和才能是平均分布的，但能讓這些才能最大化的機會卻是不平等的。”海因茲表示。

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3Oxford runs summer schools to encourage more disadvantaged students to apply - and the university says there are plans to attract more students from places where it had recruited few students in the past.

牛津開設暑校并鼓勵更多背景不占優勢的同學來申請。并且，該校表示，還有一些計劃來吸引來自以往錄取較少的地區的學生。

The university says it spends ￡7m per year on outreach schemes and is promising a new "detailed action plan" with changes to make sure there are places for students of "outstanding potential from all backgrounds".

該校表示，學校每年在外展項目上花700萬英鎊，并承諾將出臺一個新的“詳細行動計劃”，其中包括一些變化，來保證“來自任何背景的、杰出的、有潛力的”學生能被錄取。